发达国家食品安全标准对中国食品出口的影响

文章对发达国家食品安全标准成为我国食品出口的技术性贸易壁垒的原因进行分析;利用调研数据结合中国食品出口情况,分析了发达国家食品安全标准对中国食品出口的影响。由于对食品行业的保护一直是发达国家贸易保护的重点,同时保护健康意识的增强使消费者对食品安全指标的要求越来越高,而中国食品安全标准不规范,食品安全评估工作起步较晚,从而造成中国出口的食品受有关食品安全标准影响较大;提出了及时掌握国外新的法律法规,推行标准化认证工作,转变生产模式及转变观念等中国食品出口突破国外技术壁垒的对策。     

贸易风险、农产品竞争与国家农业安全观重构

国际地缘政治格局的不稳定与贸易保护主义的重新抬头,已经威胁到我国农业生产和粮食安全。而生物性公共安全事件诱发的全球性恐慌,可能对我国的食品安全带来更大的冲击。传统经济学所倡导的低成本策略与差异化策略的竞争力逻辑,对于人口众多的中国来说,显然难以应对全球性重大生物安全事件引发的不确定性。中国农业的竞争策略思维,需要从低成本策略转向低风险策略,从差异化策略转向完备化策略,并由此重构我国的农业安全观。稳定粮食供给的“保一块”、深化农业分工的“活一块”、延伸农业价值链的“拓一块”、寻求贸易机会的“争一块”,以及控制风险的“防一块”,应该成为我国农业安全观的重要操作方略。     

Food Security in Asia

Rapid economic and agricultural sector growth have enhanced greatly food security in Asia during the past three decades. Most studies suggest this positive trend will continue into the next century. This paper reviews past trends and future prospects in access and availability of food in Asia at the national level. The paper concludes that the positive overall trend in increased food security relies on the capacity of Asian economies to address several key policy issues, including sustained economic growth, population pressure, structural changes in domestic economies, shifts in international comparative advantage, technological changes, developments in the domestic and international food markets, and environmental sustainability. The paper identifies cost-effective ways to increase food security in light of these issues and suggests that Asia's food security can be maintained only if international and domestic policies, institutional frameworks, and public expenditure patterns are conducive to cost–effective and sustainable agriculture development.     

我国绿色食品产业发展探讨

绿色食品产业在我国诞生于20世纪90年代,十五年来发展迅速,但进步的同时也存在不少问题。文章从环境保护、农业产业化、绿色贸易等方面分析了发展绿色食品产业的必要性,并从产品质量、品牌、流通监督体系、技术标准体系、政策扶持等方面详细探讨了相应的发展对策。     

Food Security and Agricultural Changes in the Course of China＇s Urbanization

China's small farmers face increasing challenges because of land and water resource constraints and the effects of climate change. With the strengthened agricultural stimulus policies, poverty reduction and social protection programs, as well as the expanding international food trade, up to now China has achieved food security through small farm agriculture. During intensive economic restructuring, smallholders still coexist with large‐sized farms and industrialized agricultural businesses, but are in a vulnerable position in market transactions. Oriented to 2050, China's agricultural development and food security policies should work to improve domestic market structure, to further release international trade control and to empower smallholders.     

食品安全壁垒对我国食品出口的影响、原因及对策研究

随着经济全球化发展,食品国际贸易量不断攀升,世界各国对食品安全问题日益高度关注,我国食品在走向国际化的过程中频频遭遇进口国的食品安全壁垒的重创,本文深入分析国外食品安全壁垒对我国食品出口带来的影响,探讨我国食品出口受阻的原因,在分析探讨的基础上,研究我国如何采取有效措施突破国外食品安全壁垒,以提高我国食品的国际竞争力。     

香港转基因食品标签制度剖析

转基因食品标签是个有争议的问题。虽然绝大多数香港民众和公益组织赞成强制性标签,香港政府基于商业和经济考虑,采取了自愿性标签制度。业界可自愿在转基因食品包装上增加"含有转基因成分"的正面标签或"不含有转基因成分"的反面标签。这种自愿性标签制度没有重视消费者权利和食品安全,引致消费者和公益组织的批评。     

Measuring the Effect of Food Safety Standards on China’s Agricultural Exports

According to China’s recent experiences in agricultural trade disputes with the developed countries, China’s exports might be constrained by nontariff barriers. The significance of these barriers is assessed in regression analyses by using a gravity model of agricultural product trade to test the effect of the residue standards on China’s export of vegetables (Chlorpyrifos MRL) and aquatic products (Oxytetracycline MRL). The results show that food safety standards imposed by importing countries have a negative and statistically significant effect on China’s export of agricultural products. The trade effect of food safety standards is much larger than that of the import tariff. JEL no. F13, F14     

新形势下我国食品安全风险防范机制探析

文章简要阐述了国内外食品安全事件及引发的影响。在食品工业现代化、生态环境演变化、贸易全球化的新形势下,从法律保证、标准实施、检验护航、防范准备、应对迅速五个方面系统论述了我国在食品安全风险防范工作中应密切关注的要点,并针对性的提出了措施和建议。     

Protection and Trade in Services: A Survey

This paper surveys the literature on trade in services, focusing on the policies that are used to restrict such trade, the gains from liberalization, and the institutional mechanisms that have been adopted in the pursuit of liberalization. The paper argues that technological progress and international trade negotiations are likely to keep liberalization of trade in services a high profile policy issue. It also suggests that the research agenda should focus on developing better estimates of the welfare costs of protectionism in the service sector.     

提升新疆绿色食品营销水平的途径选择

低碳经济兴起,绿色消费观念成为主流,这为新疆绿色食品企业的发展提供了有利的契机。本文在分析新疆绿色食品营销现状及问题的基础上,指出提升新疆绿色食品营销水平的途径在于加强渠道创新,创建特色优势名牌,改善营销环境,加强质量监管。     

Inspection,testing errors and trade in tainted products

This paper examines international trade and inspection involving tainted products in a model of quality choice, facing fears that globalization is the cause of numerous food incidents. Particularly, we ask the following questions: (i) What are the conditions under which foreign firms choose to produce tainted goods? (ii) Does globalization via freer trade lower product safety? (iii) Why are goods imported even though they are known to be harmful? We show the existence of a free trade Nash equilibrium characterized by production and trade of high-quality non-tainted products. However, free trade cannot prevent the export of tainted goods, because the foreign firm may deviate under different combinations of parameters. We identify self-correcting mechanisms such as nationalism and a political-economy re-allocation of public resources in favor of customs authorities. Nevertheless, we also uncover activities that exacerbate tainted production like errors of testing and sabotage by rival firms.     

The World Bank and agricultural development: Food production and rural poverty

Over the past decade, the World Bank has become the leading international institution for development financing and for elaborating new development strategies. This has involved a major shift in lending toward agriculture and rural development. Explanations for the change range from more progressive expertise within the Bank to the shock of the 1972-74 food crisis and renewed penetration of Third World agriculture by capitalist agribusiness. Discriminating among these perspectives requires attention to the core issue of the relationship between increasing food production and reducing rural poverty. The issue is irreducibly political, and the Bank's record is less encouraging than the reformist rhetoric.     

浙江对外贸易风险分析

对外贸易风险,是在开放条件下,一国或地区在经济发展中面临的主要风险之一。文章从经济安全的战略角度考察和论述了开放条件下浙江的对外贸易风险,主要包括：贸易摩擦风险、产业结构安全风险、对外依存风险和生态环境风险,并指出解决问题的关键在于进一步实现外贸增长方式的有效转变。     

国际绿色贸易壁垒发展新趋势剖析

本文探讨了国际绿色贸易壁垒发展的八大新趋势,认为今后几年,我国企业产品出口所面对的绿色贸易壁垒考验将更加严峻。     

中国粮食进出口对粮食价格影响实证研究

随着我国加入世界贸易组织(WTO),粮食进出口限制被逐渐放开,辅之以更加开放和市场化的粮食价格政策,探讨粮食进出口对粮价影响越发重要。同时随着国内粮食期货市场的完善,其对现货市场的影响也在加深。本文探讨了粮食进出口对我国粮食价格的关系,并通过计量分析方法考察了近几年粮食现货和期货价格受到粮食进出口额的影响。通过对数据和理论分析,得出目前我国在粮食进出口对粮食价格的作用。结合目前我国粮食进出口现状,对我国在保障粮食安全,开展粮食国际贸易上应该采取的措施提出了一系列看法。     

自由贸易抑或贸易保护——国际贸易的经济增长效应再考察

全球经济复苏过程中,发达国家与新兴经济体之间关于自由贸易的争议也变得空前激烈。国际贸易是否有利于全球经济增长?这实际上是长期以来国际经济学与发展经济学领域颇具争议的问题之一,而在当下对这一问题进行重新审视更具有重要的现实意义。传统贸易理论对贸易合理性的探究尽管触及了经济增长问题,但在贸易静态收益理论的框架下,国际贸易究竟是否会促进一国经济增长,既取决于各个国家在各个发展阶段的经济增长究竟偏向于出口部门还是进口部门,也取决于各种贸易政策对各个部门的相对供给和相对需求的影响。本文对现有针对国际贸易与经济增长关系所做的实证研究作了系统回顾和分析总结,明确指出了目前各种看似矛盾的实证证据背后的理论和技术根源。在此基础上,运用两阶段最小二乘估计(2SLS)和GMM动态面板回归技术,对1960～2006年期间全球各国面板数据进行分析,对不同收入水平的国家组别分别就其贸易占GDP比重与GDP增长之间的关系进行实证检验。文章发现,上述实证研究证明国际贸易对经济增长的促进作用与一国经济发展阶段相关,但对不同收入水平的国家而言则存在差异,同时进口和出口在经济增长中的表现也存在差异性。总体来看,对中等收入国家而言,贸易占GDP比重与GDP增速之间的关系最强,进出口均有较强带动作用;高收入国家贸易占GDP比重与GDP增速之间关系较弱,进口的作用甚至大于出口;低收入国家贸易占GDP比重与GDP增速之间的关系最弱,进口甚至有抑制作用。     

国际贸易摩擦背景下广东省外贸可持续发展的贸易模式选择

文章通过对比,指出相对于传统的贸易模式,产业内贸易可以避免贸易摩擦,促进外贸可持续发展。因此,在贸易摩擦频发的背景下,广东省必须大力发展产业内贸易来改善外贸中存在的诸多现实问题。从产业条件角度分析,认为广东省已具备发展产业内贸易的坚实产业基础：企业规模迅速扩大,产业集群优势突出,R＆D费用支出逐年增加,产品差异度增强。最后,针对存在的差距,提出进一步发展的建议。     

Trade Liberalization and National Food Security: Rice Trade between Bangladesh and India

Following a poor harvest in late 1997 and a massive flood in 1998, private sector traders in Bangladesh imported several million metric tons of rice from India. This paper presents evidence that this trade, made possible by separate trade liberalizations in India and Bangladesh in the early 1990s, augmented domestic supplies and stabilized prices in Bangladesh at import parity levels. Letters of credit data indicating the participation of hundreds of importers, and a close correlation of price movements across the two countries suggest that the trade was competitive. A risk of co-incident crop shortfalls in the two countries remains, though these have occurred rarely in the past two decades. Bangladesh imports from alternative sources would also enhance food availability if another production shortfall occurs, but these imports face higher transport costs and would involve far fewer importing firms given the economies of scale of shipments by sea.The positive contribution of trade liberalization to short-run food security in Bangladesh in recent years does not minimize the importance of increased agricultural productivity and rural economic growth to provide rural poor households with sufficient incomes to acquire food. Nonetheless, the Bangladesh experience shows that trade liberalization offers potential benefits for national food security by enabling a rapid increase of food supplies following domestic production shortfalls.     

Food crisis and export taxation: the cost of non-cooperative trade policies

This paper aims to assess the rationales for export taxes in the context of a food crisis. First, we summarize the effects of export taxes using both partial and general equilibrium theoretical models. When large countries aim to maintain constant domestic food prices, in the event of an increase in world agricultural prices, the optimal response is to decrease import tariffs in net food-importing countries and to increase export tariffs in net food-exporting countries. The latter decision improves national welfare, while the former reduces national welfare: this is the price that must be paid to keep domestic food prices constant. Small net food-importing countries are harmed by both decisions, while small net food-exporting countries gain from both. Second, we illustrate the costs of a lack of regulation and cooperation surrounding such policies in a time of crisis using a global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, mimicking the mechanisms that appeared during the recent food price surge (2006–2008). This model illustrates the interdependence of trade policies, as well as how a process of retaliation and counter-retaliation (increased export taxes in large net food-exporting countries and reduced import tariffs in large net food-importing countries) can contribute to successive augmentations of world agricultural prices and harm small net food-importing countries. We conclude with a call for international regulation, in particular because small net food-importing countries may be substantially harmed by those policies that amplify the already negative impact of a food crisis.