Global Cities in Process of World Economy Net-Working and Transnationalization

Cities play a key role in the modem global economy. They became full-fledged （together with states, multinational corporations, and international economic organizations） subjects of international economy relationships; concentrated financial and commodity markets, enormous productive and innovative potential of humanity. The main reasons of transformation of economic importance of cities are their advantages in comparison with State economic systems. Labor and capital in urban economy systems are more mobile and productive; cities are more predisposed to create and commercialize innovations. Moreover, cities are easier to connect with international markets and world trade, which are able to reduce transport costs, to increase own investment attractiveness, and to rapidly form new types of business activities and forms of manufacturing organization. This study analyzes a current system of global cities, an intensity of inter-cities relationships, a potential of global urban system transformations in a future.     

China＇s Role in Global Climate Change Mitigation

China contributed a majority of the growth in global greenhouse gas emissions in the first 11 years of this century The trajectory of emissions has changed radically since then, as China has irrplemented its Cancun 2010 commitment to reduce the 2005 emissions intensity of economic activity by 40-45percent by 2020. The change in trajectory has been reinforced by China＇s new model of economic growth, with its greater emphasis on equity in income distribution, consumption and services. The large-scale deployment of low emissions technology in China is lowering the cost of transition to a low carbon economy all over the world. China ＇ s new emissions trajectory improves the opportunity For the international community to meet the 2℃ climate target. It is essential that the changes in China are brought to account in shaping global mitigation ambition.     

The Significance of CSF Among Enterprises in Latvia： An In-depth Analysis

The present research paper is dedicated to the in-depth analysis of the significance of critical-to-success factors （CSF） among enterprises in Latvia. The goal is to distinguish and find key success factors of Latvian companies who survived the economic crisis, which started in 2008, and executed the enabling objectives of the paper. Research methodology involves the analysis of the existing theoretical literature, in-depth interviews with the top management representatives of large Latvian business entities were interviewed by GFK （Custom Research Baltic agency） on behalf of the authors of the paper. It is found out that 10 largest industries for the big companies are： fuel retail and wholesale, energetics, food retail and wholesale, chemical products, logistics, metal processing, financial services, information technologies service and production, passenger transportation, and telecommunication services. For medium companies such industries are： food retail and wholesale, logistics, fuel retail and wholesale, wood processing, automotive industry, construction, financial services, pharmaceutical products, metal processing, and beverage wholesale and production. The authors also scrutinised 72 articles of 38 Forbes magazine archiving from the years 2010-2014. Thirty CSF were defmed. The most significant CSF according to the Forbes interviews are specific market niche, export, technological innovations, and high quality of products and services. The in-depth interviews with the top management representatives prove the importance of the above mentioned factors. Relevant recommendations are provided in the end of the paper.     

浅谈我国当前的房地产泡沫及泡沫经济

房地产业是国民经济的支柱产业,又是经济泡沫的主要载体之一.近几年来,随着房地产投资额的剧增,房地产泡沫问题成为公众关注的热点.文章从我国房地产的发展现状引发对房地产泡沫以及泡沫经济的探讨,通过对房地产泡沫的成因以及危害性分析,提出了一系列防范房地产泡沫的措施,促使房地产市场沿着持续健康的道路发展.     

泡沫经济的成因及治理对策研究

文章通过对虚拟经济、羊群效应和资金流动性过剩这三种经济现象的分析，揭示了泡沫经济的生成机理及危害，并提出对泡沫经济的防范、治理要采取宏观政策调控和微观心理引导双管齐下的策略，防范金融风险，保持宏观经济的健康、稳定发展。     

山东省能源经济环境系统预测与动态分析

文章分别选取GDP、能源生产总量与消费总量、CO2排放量作为经济、能源和环境子系统指标,利用1995-2012年的数据构建了山东省能源经济环境系统向量自回归(VAR)模型,对1997-2015年系统状况进行动态预测,并运用Granger检验、脉冲响应函数和方差分解对其进行动态分析。结果表明:到2015年,山东省GDP、能源生产总量与消费总量、CO2排放量仍将保持较快的增长;长期来看,经济增长与碳排放存在双向Granger因果关系,从经济增长到能源消费、能源生产和能源消费到碳排放均具有单向Granger因果关系;短期内,能源生产、能源消费与经济增长之间相互促进,经济增长促进碳排放,而能源生产、能源消费和碳排放之间具有一定的相互影响。山东省应适当放缓GDP增速,并优化经济结构;发展低碳能源,优化能源消费结构;继续强化实施碳减排政策。     

防范泡沫经济:基于金融危机背景下适度发展虚拟经济的理论分析

虚拟经济过度膨胀,使虚拟经济与实体经济的增长相背离,引发泡沫经济。一旦泡沫经济破灭会给宏观经济带来灾难性的后果。这次全球性金融危机的爆发就是虚拟经济负面影响的必然结果。因此,适度发展虚拟经济,预防泡沫经济的发生,对于促进我国虚拟经济的发展有着重要警示意义。     

The spill over effects of monetary policies and the welfare effects of the currency appreciation in an open economy -A simple discussion

Based on new open-economy macroeconomics, this paper provides simple discussions about the equilibrium conditions of labour market, goods markets and money market in a two-country world model economy. Given one-period wage sticky assumption, the following conclusions are obtained, the monetary policy can impact labour supply and thereby the equilibrium of labour market in the short run; The spill over effect of monetary policy in home and foreign countries implies an important international transmission channel in terms of equilibrium relationships between home and foreign countries, which also demonstrates the welfare effects of currency appreciation.     

让实体经济和虚拟经济的耦合协调度最优

自借贷资本从商业资本和产业资本分离之日起,虚拟经济就已产生,并随着经济的发展规模逐步扩大。虚拟经济与实体经济发展平衡时,彼此促进增长;当两者发展程度不协调时,就会出现泡沫经济。在新一轮经济形势下,如何让两者的耦合协调度最优?文中对虚拟经济增殖过程进行了一定程度的揭示,并为使两者耦合协调度最优提出一点建议。     

Bubble into reallocation: How bubbles improve capital allocation in China

This paper develops a theoretical framework to shed lights on the relations between the segmented financial market and the housing bubble in China. In our framework, capital misallocation across firms plays a central role. The segmented financial market causes discrimination against private enterprises and favoritism to state-owned firms. This biased financial system not only gives rise to capital misallocation across firms but also significantly pushes down the equilibrium interest rate in the formal financial market. The overly low interest rate in the formal financial market causes a rational bubble in a dynamically efficient economy. More importantly, the bubble improves capital allocation across firms by crowding out inefficient investment in the state-owned sector. Despite the role of improving capital allocation, bubbles may still reduce welfare by crowding out aggregate capital.     

中国股市投机泡沫的膨胀与破灭:机制转换模型的应用

本文运用机制转换模型研究收益率与换手率的非线性关系,以此描述中国股票市场投机泡沫的膨胀及部分破灭的演进过程。结果证明中国股票市场存在膨胀中会部分破灭的投机泡沫。市场大幅下跌概率的样本内、样本外估计值能较好预测历史数据中出现的最大实际损失,说明机制转换模型具有良好的预测能力;投机泡沫的部分破灭是导致中国股票市场价格大幅下跌的主要原因。     

Bubbles, crises, and policy

In many recent cases financial liberalization has led to a bubblein asset prices. The bursting of the bubble results in a bankingcrisis and recession. It is suggested such bubbles are causedby an interaction of the risk-shifting problem arising fromagency relationships in intermediaries and uncertainty concerningthe expansion of credit. Two important policy objectives areidentified. The first is the prevention of bubbles in assetprices. The second is minimizing the impact of spillovers onto the real economy during post-bubble banking crises. The differentpolicy approaches taken in Norway and Japan are compared.     

股市泡沫检验研究综述及实证分析

本文实证检验了上证综合指数和深证成份指数数据样本的泡沫水平，并利用单位根检验方法进一步对泡沫序列进行了分析，结论主要有：我国股票市场长期存在泡沫，多数时期泡沫水平都比较高，尤其在股指上升时，泡沫水平通常随之上升，可见泡沫对股市上涨的推动作用明显。而从2005年开始到2007年10月的股市新一轮上涨中，股市的泡沫成分也是空前规模存在的。我国股市泡沫总体上属于理性泡沫，但局部的非理性泡沫时有发生，而在股指快速上涨时，非理性泡沫最为严重。     

基于指标法评价深圳房地产市场泡沫状况

本文从房地产价格、需求以及供给方面构建了房地产泡沫评价的指标体系,利用指标体系对深圳地区房地产泡沫状况进行实证分析,得出如下结论:深圳地区2003~2006年是一个泡沫积累的过程,2007年则是泡沫加剧积累的时期,2008年价格波动可以判断深圳住宅价格失去了合理性,总体上存在着严重的泡沫成分,当前政府的重点是加强各项制度方面的建设。     

Indigenisation of Corporate Strategies in Africa： Lessons From the African Ubuntu Philosophy

Within an African setting, the Ubuntu philosophy embodies a socio-cultural framework that applies to all individuals and institutions throughout the continent. The Ubuntu application is pervasive in almost all parts of the African continent. Hence, the Ubuntu philosophy is integrated into all aspects of day-to-day life throughout Africa and is a concept shared by all tribes in South, Central, West, and East Africa amongst people of Bantu origin. This paper presents a desk research that aims at reviewing and analysing literature on corporate lessons that can be realised from the African Ubuntu philosophy. The paper reviews the background and significance of the Ubuntu philosophy including successful cases of Africanising management systems. Finally the paper reviews major contributions that the Ubuntu philosophy can make towards global management systems. The literature reveals that there are a lot of corporate strategy lessons that can be realised out of the Ubuntu philosophy. These lessons include collectivism and teamwork, creation of synergies and competitive advantages, humanist leadership styles and maturity, consensus in decision-making systems, effective communication, and community-based corporate social responsibility. Therefore, there is a need for corporate strategy and management systems to be realigned with the local Ubuntu philosophy that defines the Africa＇s socio-cultural framework. To be successful, Africa-based organisations must be found on this Ubuntu philosophy.     

Etiquette on Business Negotiations

With the further deepening of process global trade, many of our businesses have joined the ranks of intem~tional trade. At the same time, the values vary from nations to nations, so does the use of etiquette. There is not an acknowledged standard and it is only a set of established rules which are obeyed by all the people in the nation, therefore, in the international trade, we should pay attention to how to use the international etiquette in all fields, such as politics, economics, culture, military and even trade terms. The business etiquette shows the principle of respecting each other in business acdves. The business etiquette is a role to restrain the negotiators＇ behavior in daily business actives. Treating others politely in negotiatiom uot only shows negotiators ＇ education and quality, but also affects the thoughts and emotious of the other party in some degree. This thesis gives a definition of business etiquette and systematically explains contents, categorizations, features, principles, functions and practices. And it illmtrates greeting etiquette, dining etiquette, symbolizing etiquette, dress code, telephone etiquette and meeting etiquette in detail.     

Are Patenting Activities in U.S. Universities Still Affected by Bayh-Dole Act？

Based on four data sources, the trends of the patent activities of US universities in the last 40 years are quantitatively assessed. It has been found that patenting activities in U.S. universities slowed down greatly after 2000 and remained flat until the period from 2010 to 2012, when activities recover to the level of strength characterizing the period before 2000 and after the enactment of the Bayh-Dole Act. The affects of the （Bayh-Dole） Act on the university patenting activities （UPAs） are specifically analyzed for the time span considered. We found that the impacts of the Act had been remaining strong until the year of 1999 and then greatly diminished. We also identify that economic recessions are the major cause to the flatness of the patenting activities during 2000s. Recently, many concerns on university patent activities have been raised; these concerns are reviewed and recommendations to resolute to these concerns are provided.     

The Relevance of Place-Brand Management in Place-Marketing Strategy

Observers perceive each place through a particular image, not necessarily positive, definable in a distinctive positioning through place-marketing strategies; the relations between the actors of the territory system play an important role, and the place-brand becomes ＂the connector＂ of the relational network in place-marketing management. The aims of this article are to analyze the relations between place identity, place-brand, and place-marketing strategy; to look at case studies of bottom-up strategy as a medium for the long-term empowerment of the place-brand strategy; and to examine the relevance of place-brand positioning and interaction between governance and stakeholders in place-marketing strategy development.     

Economic Causes and Cures of Social Instability in China

China＇s leaders have often expressed concerns about social instability, viewed as a threat both to the political order and to continued rapid growth. Slower growth might, in turn, further undermine social stability. Using survey data, the present paper examines the economic determinants of social instability. Four main determinants are identified.＇past and expected growth of income, income inequality, economic insecurity and misgovernance. The paper then considers possible policies to reduce social instability, examining each of the determinants in turn.     

The Significance of Costs Calculation in Evaluation of the Value Added

In the article, a problem of importance of proper costs calculation caused by risk factors which emerge in logistic processes is presented. On the basis of literature analysis, there was shown the costs structure of the value chain. The concept of customer value and the concept of enterprise value were extracted. It presents also dependence between actions in internal value chain and generated cash flows. It signalizes also the meaning of risk management influence on the problem of achieving established value added, understood as net income from operational activity by the main enterprises processes. Basis of theoretical modeling using the Gorbatov＇s principle of characterization was discussed. The research material relates to food businesses. The study was conducted on the basis of questionnaires, surveys, and direct conversations with employees. To build the model, the theory of characterization was used. Its essence is in the mutual interpretability model of the test object to the model structure. Mutual interpretability of models is achieved by selection of the proper functioning of the universal laws （expressed in the functional model） and the structural interpretation of the functional model, the one of representative character is Hasse diagrams. The functioning of the model is illustrated experiment research of the study. The results show the great importance of the correct calculation of the cost of risk factors in logistics processes. Not taking into account the actual cost of risk factors may have a significant influence on errors in decision-making, giving an incorrect picture of the financial situation. A false idea of the creation of value-added may consequently result in the deterioration of the conditions of the enterprise market functioning.