美国制造业就业的影响因素研究——基于人民币实际汇率与美国国内因素的比较分析

本文通过构建劳动力需求和供给模型,考察了影响美国制造业就业的主要因素,并基于最优消费决策条件的经验数据测量模型(K-R),重点研究了人民币实际汇率变动对美国制造业就业的影响;然后通过实证研究全面分析了1981～2011年度人民币实际汇率和美国国内因素对美国制造业就业的影响。研究结果表明:无论短期还是长期,美国制造业技术进步率上升和人均资本存量增加均能够显著拉动制造业就业增长;从长期来看,人民币实际汇率贬值和美国实际利率下降能够在一定程度上促进制造业就业增加;但从短期来看,美国制造业实际工资率上升对制造业就业的正向影响更加显著。     

电通业增加值出口贸易就业数量的影响分析

文章利用企业生产增加值测算了我国电子及通信设备制造行业的增加值出口贸易及对就业的影响因素,并利用SDA分解法测算了劳动力效率、出口规模、企业生产增加值、出口中的国内创造价值比重等四部分对增加值出口贸易就业效应的影响程度。研究表明:我国传统贸易核算体系夸大了行业的真实出口水平。行业增加值出口贸易对就业量的拉动作用始终处于上升通道,但边际拉动能力呈下降趋势。从影响因素来看,劳动力效率的提高是主要的抑制因素,而出口中的国内创造价值比重上升是其主要的促进因素。     

中国服务贸易的异质劳动力就业效应——基于行业面板数据的经验研究

文章利用2004~2011年中国服务业面板数据,首先从整体上实证分析了服务贸易对异质劳动力就业的影响,然后分性别、分行业检验了服务贸易的异质劳动力就业效应,以考察服务进、出口对异质劳动力就业影响的性别和行业差异。整体估计结果表明,服务进、出口显著地促进了中国服务业异质劳动力就业,且对熟练劳动力就业的促进作用更大,说明服务贸易对不同技能劳动力就业的影响有所差异;从分性别和分行业视角的进一步研究发现,服务进、出口的异质劳动力就业效应存在显著的性别和行业差异。     

中间产品贸易对中国劳动力需求变化的影响:基于工业部门动态面板数据的分析

近些年来,发达国家对中国的生产外包不断扩大,把大量低端中间产品生产的价值链环节转移至中国,充分利用中国丰裕而廉价的劳动力资源进行生产,由此中间产品贸易迅速增加。这种贸易模式,不仅提高了中国对不同劳动力的需求,而且还改变了劳动力的就业风险和稳定性。本文利用动态面板数据模型单独分析中间产品贸易对中国工业总体与分部门的劳动力需求的影响。研究结果表明中间产品出口增加了劳动力需求,而其进口对劳动力需求变化的影响是负的。此外,中间产品贸易加大了中国制造业就业的风险与不稳定性。     

工业机器人对制造业劳动力市场的影响：“升级”抑或“极化”?

在数字经济背景下，工业机器人给中国制造业转型升级带来了重大机遇，同时也给制造业劳动力市场带来诸多挑战。为了厘清工业机器人对制造业劳动力的影响，本文利用2004-2018年省级制造业工业机器人数据，匹配制造业行业层面数据，通过联列方程识别工业机器人使用对不同技能劳动力工资和就业的影响。研究表明，工业机器人的使用显著提高了制造业劳动力市场整体就业和工资水平，对制造业劳动力市场的生产力效应和就业创造效应强于替代效应；对不同技能劳动力的进一步分析表明，工业机器人显著提升了高、低技能工人的就业，却显著降低了中等技能劳动力的就业，表现为就业“极化”效应；而对不同技能劳动力的工资均具有正向影响，表现为明显的“升级”效应。本研究有助于客观认识数字经济背景下工业机器人对劳动力市场的冲击，为进一步理解制造业智能化升级和保持就业稳定的政策实践具有指导意义。     

技术创新对日本劳动力就业的影响及应对

技术创新已成为日本经济发展和社会进步的重要驱动力,新一轮技术革命给日本劳动力市场带来了广泛而深刻的影响。技术创新通过多重效应叠加影响日本劳动力供需关系,促进就业结构及产业结构升级,在一定程度上缓解了劳动力供给不足对日本经济发展造成的消极影响。技术创新并没有给日本劳动力就业总量带来显著的替代压力,但结构性冲击不可避免,就业结构呈两极化趋势发展,中间层技能岗位容易被替代,技能需求发生本质性改变,对就业的挤出风险不容忽视。政府政策制定部门应把握新时期技术创新的特点及新业态发展趋势,适时进行政策调整,完善相关就业保障政策,减少技术创新对劳动力就业替代的途径,充分发挥技术创新对就业的积极效应,最终实现高质量就业。     

劳动力结构变化影响制造业结构升级的实证研究

运用1996-2015 年省级面板数据,构建FGLS 模型,本文实证检验了劳动力结构变化对制造业结构升级的影响效应。结果表明：在劳动力年龄结构中,新生代劳动力占比上升能促进制造业结构升级,即对劳动、资本密集型制造业影响效应为负,而对技术密集型制造业影响效应为正且作用强度较大;在劳动力素质结构中,知识型劳动力占比上升对制造业结构升级具有一定推动作用,即对劳动密集型制造业影响效应为负,而对资本和技术密集型制造业影响效应为正,但作用系数较小;在劳动力性别结构中,男性劳动力占比上升阻碍了制造业结构升级,即对劳动密集型制造业影响效应为正,而对资本和技术密集型制造业影响效应都为负。最后根据实证结论, 就如何顺应劳动力年龄、素质与性别结构变化顺势推进制造业结构升级,提出了相应的政策建议。     

温州经济技术开发区出口贸易的劳动力效应——基于制造业细分行业面板数据的实证研究

在劳动力成为经济发展的关键因素背景下,文章利用温州经济技术开发区制造业24个细分行业的面板数据研究出口贸易对行业劳动生产率、劳动收入份额和单位资产就业吸收量等劳动力现象的影响,研究发现出口贸易会降低劳动生产率,同时出口贸易会提高行业劳动收入份额并且会增加单位资产就业吸收量.此外,劳动密集型产业样本数据的实证研究得出了相同的结论,但在劳动密集型产业中,出口贸易对劳动生产率的负面影响较弱,对劳动收入的正面影响较强,且对就业的正面影响较弱.     

美国制造业就业和工资的影响因素研究——基于细分行业的经验证据北大核心CSSCISSCI

通过构建劳动力市场一般动态均衡模型,推导出影响就业和工资的主要因素,然后利用岭回归实证研究了各因素对美国制造业细分行业就业和工资的影响,试图找出其中的关键因素。研究发现:利率对就业的负向影响最显著,其次是国际原油价格,虽然个人可支配收入对就业的影响较小,但对工资的正向驱动势头却很显著,而人民币汇率的影响作用最小。由于人民币加入SDR是人民币汇率退出盯住单一美元的有利契机,随着人民币与美元的"部分脱钩",在未来人民币汇率通过传导机制对美国制造业就业和工资的影响会更加微弱。此外,工会特征是造成美国制造业行业间就业和工资水平差异的显著因素;平均受教育水平、专业技术水平、经济性垄断程度和所有制垄断程度,则能对行业间工资回报差异产生决定性影响。     

人民币实际有效汇率对制造业就业的非对称影响——对中国31个省市制造业的面板数据研究

传统国际经济理论表明,一国的汇率水平变动通过改变相对物价水平和两国相对工资水平,影响世界对本国产品的需求,进而影响一国劳动力的需求。本文在试图从厂商生产要素投入配置的角度出发,来探究人民币实际有效汇率变动对制造业部门就业量。实证研究表明,人民币实际有效汇率变动对我国制造业就业人数的影响有着不对称性:人民币升值引起的制造业就业人数的下降幅度远大于贬值时扩大的就业人数。因此,我国在实行进一步汇改时,首先要以制造业的产业升级为基础,通过延长其产业链,扩大就业;另一方面,人民币升值需小步进行,促进制造业就业人员的稳步转型,避免引起大量失业。     

International Monetary Instability All Over Again

One of the signature developments of 2016 was the move from globalization and market integration toward nationalism and protection. A headline in the Financial Times (April 13, 2017) read, “‘Sword of protectionism hangs over trade’, says IMF.” The headline demonstrates “Silo-ism”. The Fund does not recognize that the demand for import barriers in countries with large trade deficits and high unemployment have resulted from massive imbalances in international payments. Monetary instability in the 1920s and the 1930s was reflected in the overvaluation of the British pound, the undervaluation of the French franc and subsequent overvaluation of the U.S. dollar. Britain voted to leave the European Union in June 2016, in part because the high price of the British pound depressed exports and wages in manufacturing. U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) has doubled since 1980, yet manufacturing employment has declined by eight million. The demand for protection in the U.S. has increased because the more rapid growth of imports than exports has led to the decline of three to four million U.S. manufacturing jobs.     

Macroeconomic and Sectoral Effects of International Trade: A Vector Error-Correction Study

This study examines various claims that in the U.S., international trade has contributed to a loss of manufacturing base, an increased gap between unskilled and skilled wages, lower employment, and a loss of productivity. Cointegration tests indicate that in the long run and at the macro level, the ratio of trade to output and FDI to output are correlated with the manufacturing share of output, the ratio of unskilled to skilled wages, labor productivity, and the employment rate. However, Granger causality tests reveal that, with one exception, causation does not run from trade to the domestic variables, the only exception being that FDI Granger causes productivity. When the focus is shifted to the manufacturing sector, the results support the proposition that openness to trade has had adverse effects on this sector.A slightly different version of this paper was presented at the Fifty-sixth International Atlantic Economic Conference, October 16–19, 2003 in Quebec City, Canada. The research reported in this paper is partially funded by a grant from the Institute for Global Economic Affairs at Marquette University.     

Affiliates and parent employment through foreign direct investment: a study case of substitutability or complementarity

How does outward foreign direct investment (FDI) affect employment of multinationals in the home country? Does the impact of outward investment differ among manufacturing and service sectors? Using data on Italian MNEs, this paper examines the impact of Italian outward FDI on local employment between 1998 and 2006. In particular, we investigate the relationship existing between employment in the parent company and employment in foreign affiliates by distinguishing according to host-country location and sector of activity. The results suggest that the effects of Italian outward FDI on domestic employment differ according to the sector and the country of destination. In the manufacturing sector, a weak but significant relationship of labour substitutability is found for Italian MNEs producing low-technology products in foreign affiliates localized in high-wage countries. On the other hand, a significant North–south complementarity relationship in labour demands appears in the High and Medium-high- technology sectors. In the service sector, we find strong complementarity between employment in the parent firm and employment in foreign affiliates: in particular, this regards Italian MNEs producing knowledge-intensive services both in Western affiliates and CEEC locations. These results are robust when we control for endogeneity of output and parent wages.     

Creating manufacturing jobs in India: Has openness to trade really helped?

After following inward oriented economic policies for nearly four decades, India opened up to international trade in the early 1990s. Since then, the trade integration of the Indian economy in general and the manufacturing sector in particular has increased phenomenally. Against this backdrop, this paper analyses the direct as well as indirect impact of trade on jobs in the Indian manufacturing sector. Using the growth accounting approach, we find that the direct impact of trade on manufacturing jobs has been positive. However, trade induced decrease in labour demand has neutralized direct job gains to a great extent. Therefore, unlike other Asian economies, the overall employment gain from trade has been minimal. The paper argues that supply side constraints should be addressed urgently to enhance job gains from international trade.     

中美贸易对美国就业影响研究——基于美国制造业面板数据的分析

本文通过建立国际贸易对就业影响的理论模型,利用美国制造业面板数据分析中美贸易对美国就业的影响问题。实证结论表明,美国进口中国制成品对美国就业没有显著影响,也不是美国失业的Granger原因;美国制成品出口对增加美国就业虽有显著影响,但作用不大;影响美国国内就业的主要因素是实际工资、企业发展状况等实际因素。这些结论充分说明,美国的失业问题不是由美国进口中国制成品引起的,美国减少中国制成品进口也解决不了美国的失业问题。     

Import competition from and offshoring to low-income countries: Implications for employment and wages at U.S. domestic manufacturers

Using confidential linked firm-level trade transactions and census data between 1997 and 2012, we provide new evidence on how American firms without foreign affiliates adjust employment and wages as they adapt to import competition from low-income countries. We provide stylized facts on the input sourcing strategies of these domestic firms, contrasting them with multinationals operating in the same industry. We then investigate how changes in firm input purchases from low-income countries as well as domestic market import penetration from these sources are correlated with changes in employment and wages at surviving domestic firms. Greater offshoring by domestic firms from low-income countries correlates with larger declines in manufacturing employment and in the average production workers’ wage. Given the negative association, however, the estimated magnitudes are small, even for a narrow measure of offshoring that includes only intermediate goods. Import penetration of U.S. markets from these sources is associated with relatively larger changes in employment for arm’s length importing firms, but has no significant correlation with employment changes at firms that do not trade. Given differences in the degree of both offshoring and import penetration, we find substantial variation across industries in the magnitude of changes associated with low-income country imports.     

Trade and the structure of South African production, 1984-97

With the onset of trade liberalisation, fears have been raised concerning the impact of trade on manufacturing output, employment and growth. Using an input–output methodology, this article decomposes South African output growth between 1984 and 1997 into final demand expansion, trade flows and technology. There are two main findings. First, trade liberalisation has not deindustrialised the manufacturing sector. Although import penetration has risen, export growth has matched and exceeded the potential import-induced losses in domestic production. South Africa's response thus conforms closely to international evidence. Secondly, a combination of strong growth in capital-intensive exports and import penetration in ultra-labour-intensive sectors has aided the structural shift in production towards capital-intensive sectors. However, capital-biased supply-side policies, as well as endemic problems within ultra-labour-intensive sectors, suggest that domestic factors and not trade liberalisation lie behind this shift.     

The effect of foreign competition on UK employment and wages: Evidence from firm-level panel data

The Effect of Foreign Competition on UK Employment and Wages: Evidence from Firm-Level Panel Data. —This paper contributes to the sparse empirical literature on the effects of foreign competition on domestic employment and wages. The authors estimate a structural labour demand equation on UK firm-level panel data between 1982 and 1989 and several wage equations. When they restrict the sample to the manufacturing sector only, they find for the unionized firms that foreign competition has a negative effect on both wages and on employment. However, when UK manufacturing firms face only a few rivals, foreign competition has a positive effect on wages, but no effect on employment.     

Analyse des déterminants de la demande de travail dans les enterprises des sous branches du secteur de l’industrie en Côte d’Ivoire

La présente étude avait pour objectifs de déterminer les facteurs qui influent significativement sur la demande de travail des entreprises du secteur industriel en Côte d’Ivoire, d’évaluer l’impact d’une variation de ces facteurs sur le niveau de l’emploi et enfin de déterminer l’impact de la dévaluation sur la demande de travail. Les résultats suggèrent que la valeur réelle du capital, le chiffre d’affaires, la valeur ajoutée par unité de travail et le coût réel moyen du travail sont les facteurs qui influent significativement sur la demande de travail dans les entreprises du secteur industriel. En outre, le chiffre d’affaires est la variable qui a la plus forte corrélation (positive) avec l’emploi. Le coût réel moyen du travail a une forte corrélation négative avec l’emploi. La dévaluation intervenue en janvier 1994 a influé significativement aussi bien positivement que négativement sur la demande de travail des entreprises du secteur industriel et cela en fonction de la sous branche considérée. — The objective of the present study is to seek the determinants of labour demand in the manufacturing sector in the Côte d’Ivoire, and to determine the impact of a change in these elements on the level of employment. The paper also examines the impact of the change of parity of the domestic currency on the demand for labour. The empirical results suggest that real value of capital assets, cash flow, the value-added of a labour unit, and the average real cost of labour are significant determinants of the demand for labour in the manufacturing sector. Moreover, the cash flow has the highest positive correlation with employment. It is followed by the real cost of labour which has a negative correlation with employment. The devaluation of the domestic currency in January 1994 affected labour demand in the manufacturing sector both positively and negatively depending on the sub-sector considered.     

The complementarity between U.S. foreign direct investment stock and trade

Within a gravity model framework, this paper will establish that trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) are complementary, using trade and FDI stock data on a bilateral basis between the U.S. and 51 other countries over the period 1982 to 1994. U.S. outward FDI is found to have a larger predicted impact on U.S. exports than does inward FDI. On the other hand, inward FDI is found to have a larger predicted impact on U.S. imports than does U.S. outward FDI. These results are directly linked to patterns of intrafirm trade within the multinational enterprise (MNE), a result consistent with the transactions cost theory of MNEs. In addition, a sectoral analysis indicates that U.S. outward FDI in manufacturing has a large predicted impact on both exports and imports, whereas U.S. outward FDI in services has a large predicted impact on U.S. exports but little or no predicted impact on imports. Detailed comments and suggestions were provided by Joe Daniels, Albert Berry, and seminar participants at the University of Toronto, York University, Industry Canada, and the 1999 annual Canadian Economics Association meeting. Research assistance was provided by George Georgopoulos and Anthony Yao. The authors are responsible for any remaining errors.