新兴市场企业跨国并购、政治关联与创新绩效——基于并购异质性视角的解释

近年来,以中国企业为代表的新兴市场企业在跨国并购中异军突起,表现出了强烈的创新追赶动机。本文采用2011—2014年中国上市公司跨国并购数据,从跨国并购异质性视角实证研究了跨国并购的创新效应,同时整合制度理论,分析了政治关联的调节作用。实证结果显示:跨国并购规模与创新绩效显著负相关,技术获取型跨国并购与创新绩效显著正相关,跨国并购股权与创新绩效显著正相关。进一步研究表明政治关联存在"诅咒效应",总体上对跨国并购异质性与创新绩效之间的关系具有负向调节作用。本文为厘清跨国并购对企业创新绩效的影响机制提供了新的理论视角,同时对新兴市场企业的跨国并购实践具有一定的启发价值。     

非对称信息下跨国企业并购的讨价还价博弈模型研究

随着我国经济日益走向国际化,许多企业开始大胆的尝试跨国并购。而跨国并购的定价决定着并购的成败。本文在公司理论价值的基础上,将跨国并购主体的心理压力因素引入讨价还价动态博弈模型中分析并购价格,比较分析信息完全情与信息不对称条件下并购主体心理因素对跨国并购价格的影响。研究结果表明在国际市场中情境因素与心理因素对跨国并购双方主体有重要影响,并得出在不同的国际市场环境下企业的价格是不同的。     

中国企业跨国并购后的财务整合研究

随着企业规模的扩大和市场环境的变化,全球掀起了一股企业并购的浪潮。然而,跨国并购交易额的迅速增长并不意味着并购取得成功,其重要原因之一是企业跨国并购后财务整合的失败。为此,本文将从财务管理目标、财务管理体制、财务组织机构、财务人力资源以及财务管理制度等五个方面对中国企业跨国并购后的财务整合展开论述,以期对企业跨国并购后的理论与实践有所帮助。     

跨国并购理论综述

伴随着中国对外全面开放,跨国公司进入中国的成本与风险逐渐降低,抢占中国市场,跨国并购已成为FDI的重要形式,跨国并购理论也得到了很大发展。本文将阐述跨国并购的传统理论及最新理论,总结其发展趋势,为中国企业跨国并购提供思路。     

跨国并购动机对并购区位选择的影响

在跨国并购盛行与中国企业并购绩效低下的背景下，区位选择作为企业跨国并购战略的重要构成，探讨影响并购区位选择的因素，将有助于提高中国企业跨国并购绩效。本文从并购动机出发，分析寻求资源、寻求市场、寻求战略资产三种并购动机的特征，将跨国并购区位选择细分为东道国市场规模、自然资源丰裕度、战略资产可用性三个指标，并据以研究跨境并购动机对选址的影响。得出结论：寻求资源型并购动机的区位选择，倾向于所需自然资源丰裕度高的国家；寻求市场型并购动机的区位选择，倾向于政治稳定、市场规模大的发展中国家；并购动机为寻求战略资产的区位选择，倾向于技术发达且愿意与中国分享技术的国家。     

中国企业跨国并购的动因分析

跨国并购是企业进行发展、获取竞争优势的一种重要途径。随着跨国并购的数量与金额持续增加,本文对中国企业跨国并购的动因进行了分析,发现目前促进我国企业进行跨国并购的动因主要包括政府政策的鼓励、国际市场与品牌的获得、对于资源与能源的需求以及获取先进技术。     

我国企业跨国并购风险及对策

近年来,跨国并购成为中国企业走出去的重要方式。跨国并购可以使企业获取更多战略资源以扩张市场,但也是一项高风险活动。本文分析企业在跨国并购中存在的风险,提出规避措施。     

我国企业跨国并购动因与趋势的战略研究

20世纪90年代以来,我国在大力发展对外贸易和吸引国外投资的同时,也在积极实施"走出去"战略,从未来发展看,跨国并购将成为我国企业进行跨国直接投资的重要方式.本文分析了我国企业跨国并购的现状及动因,并结合发展中国家对外直接投资的理论探析了我国企业的跨国并购的发展趋势.     

探讨中国企业跨国并购的动机、控制权与并购绩效的关系

我国企业对海外的扩展速度越来越快,开展跨国并购已成为企业拓展海外市场,提高企业竞争优势重要的方式.据研究并购关键是整合中有效组织与安排,才能实现企业并购的目标,获取控制权.整合不能在并购后开展,在并购谈判时就要考虑好整合的问题.本文对并购动机、控制权与并购绩效的概念进行简单的简述,探讨了中国企业跨国并购的动机、控制权与并购绩效的关系.     

中国对欧盟FDI中的跨国并购动因分析

由于传统的跨国并购动因理论侧重时点静态分析,已经很难准确解释现阶段的企业并购行为,本文提出了动态跨国并购动因理论框架,尝试融合宏观影响因素和微观影响因素,运用时间维度和空间维度双向分析轨道,从动态层、宏观层和动因层三个层次入手,分析中国企业对欧盟的跨国并购动因。从时间维度看,受到国际金融危机和欧洲主权债务危机的影响,欧元汇率的波动和欧盟失业率的持续增高降低了中国企业并购欧盟公司的成本、风险和市场的准入门槛;从空间维度看,欧盟有发达且较完善的市场机制、成熟的国际化管理经验、市场规模大,这些因素是吸引中国企业对欧盟投资的重要因素;此外,以并购形式进入欧盟市场可大大降低欧盟的技术壁垒对中国产品出口的影响。     

Political risk in private participation projects: The effects of political discretionality and corruption

This article investigates the impact of political risk on the performance of private participation infrastructure projects in emerging markets. Previous studies have shown that firms in regulated sectors are prone to employ political capabilities in their investments overseas. Our analysis of 32,257 projects in 114 emerging countries from 1997 to 2013 shows that higher political discretionality in the host country is negatively associated with project completion. In contrast, a higher level of corruption in the host country is positively associated with project completion. The study makes a contribution to the literature on political risk in foreign direct investments.     

Foreign direct investment,institutional quality,economic freedom and entrepreneurship in emerging markets

This study investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment, institutional quality, economic freedom, and entrepreneurship in emerging markets. The research compares the capacity and appetite for business creation among high-income, low-income and emerging countries. The results are based on a panel study of data, from 2004 to 2009 for 87 countries, using as its source “The World Bank Entrepreneurship Snapshots” to look at the connection between business creation, institutional quality, market freedom and foreign direct investment (FDI). The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between institutional quality and business generation in all three of the above categories. The freedom to create businesses and invest has an impact on business generation in emerging countries, while the influence of international trade appears more important as a spur to the genesis of business in low-income countries. Finally, there is a direct and significant relationship between FDI and business development in emerging countries. This result is consistent with “the spillover theory of entrepreneurship” (,  and ).     

Excess Risk Premia of Asian Banks

This paper develops a framework for gauging the risks of emerging market banks by using stock market data. Employing a multifactor asset pricing model that allows for time‐varying risk premia, we find the presence of large excess risk premia on Asian bank stocks, especially in those markets affected by the Asian financial crisis. We find that the excess risk premia appear to be negatively related to the degree of economic freedom of a country but positively related to its corruption level. Thus, our findings are consistent with the view that crony capitalism in Asia may have distorted the market mechanism or the systematic risk exposure of banks. This suggests that the excess risk premium provides useful information on risk exposure for opaque banking systems where quality accounting information is not available.     

Economic Freedom and Cross‐Border Acquisitions from Emerging Markets into Developed Economies

Extending the home base perspective by considering investors' parent countries, this study examines the effect of economic freedom (EF) on emerging‐market enterprises' (EMEs) overseas acquisition completion in developed countries. Using a large data set of 5,174 cross‐border acquisition deals from ten major emerging markets (EMs) during 1985–2011, we find that (1) the probability of deal completion is positively associated with the levels of EF of the acquirers' countries, the acquirers' parent and the target; (2) the EF of the countries of acquirers' parents has a substitutive effect on that of the acquirers' countries; (3) the difference of EF between the targets' countries and the countries of acquirers' parents negatively influences deal completion; and (4) the difference of EF between the targets' countries and the acquirers' countries negatively influences deal completion. These findings have important theoretical implications for international business scholars, as well as practical implications for managers and for policymakers of EMEs that are active in foreign direct investment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Decomposing the Income Insurance Channel across OECD and Emerging Markets

This paper investigates the underlying forces driving income insurance channels for the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) and emerging markets. We find income insurance channels across countries to be driven by different subchannels. For the OECD, income insurance is mostly governed by payments for financial liabilities; for the emerging markets, income flows from nationals working abroad constitute the main income smoother. Despite the growth in cross‐border financial asset trading over the years, we could not find evidence of income smoothing via foreign assets receipts for the OECD. For the majority of emerging markets, neither receipts of foreign assets nor foreign liability payments are strong enough to insure income as well.     

Unpacking Institutional Distance: Addressing Human Capital Development and Emerging‐Market Firms’ Ownership Strategy in an Advanced Economy

As latecomers to global business competition, emerging‐market multinational companies (EMNCs) utilize cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) to quickly acquire strategic assets, resulting in an improved competitive position. Advanced markets with well‐established firms and well‐developed market‐supporting institutions become particularly important destinations for EMNCs’ foreign operations. Institutional distance, which represents conflicting legitimacy requirements between the host and home institutional environments, is expected to be negatively associated with the foreign acquirer's ownership position. The current study examines a sample of EMNCs’ cross‐border M&As in the United States between 2005 and 2011 and reveals the unique nature of EMNCs’ ownership strategies. Taking both formal and informal institutions into consideration, our findings suggest that EMNCs originating in countries with lower levels of human capital development may have more urgency in seeking ownership control in advanced markets and are less influenced by the negative association of institutional distance in their ownership strategy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Local currency systemic risk

Emerging country governments increasingly issue local currency denominated bonds and foreign investors have been increasing their holdings of these assets. By issuing debt denominated in local currency, emerging country governments eliminate exchange rate risk. The growing stock of local currency government debt in the financial portfolios of foreign investors increases their diversification and exposure to fast growing economies. In this paper, we highlight some of the risks associated to this recent trend. First, we adopt the CoV aR risk-measure to estimate the vulnerability of individual countries to systemic risk in the market for local currency government debt. Second, we show that our country-level estimates of vulnerability increase with the share of local currency debt held by foreign investors. A version of the old adage “When New York sneezes, London catches a cold,” used often to describe the relationship between the stock markets in these two cities, still applies between individual emerging countries and the aggregate market for local currency government debt.     

Impact of the Financial Crisis on Cross‐Border Mergers and Acquisitions and Concentration in the Global Banking Industry

The global banking industry has seen dramatic changes in the past 40 years. Most recently, the financial liberalization of emerging markets and the global financial crisis have significantly impacted the market share of banks worldwide. This article investigates the impact of the 2007–2008 financial crisis on cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in the banking sector and emphasizes the role of emerging‐market banks in the postcrisis consolidation trend. Using M&A data and concentration data over the period 2000–2013, our analysis indicates that the financial crisis had a significant impact on worldwide M&As, especially on the direction of the transactions. Emerging‐market banks appear to be major acquirers in the postcrisis period, targeting both neighboring countries and developed economies in Europe. We also observe an increase in bank concentration in developed markets most hit by the financial crisis, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom, whereas bank concentration decreased in emerging markets. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The tail risk of emerging stock markets

We investigate tail risk in emerging stock markets at the country, regional and world levels, by comparing the investable and non-investable segments in terms of the expected shortfall of standardized returns and tail dependence on the world market. Employing the skewed Student-t GJR-GARCH model and the SJC copula, we show that most investable portfolios have lower tail risk but higher tail dependence than non-investable ones; emerging markets are likely more dependent on the world market during large joint losses than large joint gains; and tail dependence of the aggregate and investable markets on the world market varies across countries and regions.     

Cross‐Border M&As by Chinese Companies in Advanced Countries: Antecedents and Implications

Theoretically grounded in the ownership, location, and internalization (OLI) paradigm and institutional theory, this article investigates major macro‐level factors that determine cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (CBMAs) by Chinese firms in developed markets. Using panel data of Chinese CBMA deals in developed markets from 1996 to 2012, we found that market size, natural resources, and strategic assets of host advanced economies positively affected the number of Chinese CBMAs in the developed markets. With regard to institutional variables, the overall economic freedom of host countries positively affected Chinese CBMAs, whereas the host government effectiveness negatively influenced the number of Chinese CBMAs. Furthermore, the above hypothesized effects were significantly strengthened by the home country's government involvement mainly through ownership. Finally, we found that significant factors to explain Chinese overall outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) are not necessarily applicable to explain Chinese CBMAs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.