中国纺织企业出口与生产率关系:基于上市公司 2001～2010年数据的实证检验

本文采用中国纺织类上市公司2001～2010年数据,对新新贸易理论关于企业出口与生产率关系的两个假说进行实证检验,结果表明:(1)出口企业比非出口企业具有更高生产率,出口高参与度企业比低参与度企业具有更高生产率;(2)样本企业存在自选择,即生产率差异是决定企业是否参与出口的原因,且出口高参与度企业此关系更趋明显;(3)就所有样本企业而言,不存在"出口中学",但出口高参与度企业的单独检验显示存在此效应。本文认为,采用过去10～15年数据对中国企业的检验,除了已关注到的贸易方式、所有制等特殊问题外,企业特定贸易壁垒等因素也有待进一步考察。     

中国服务业企业出口与生产率关系——自我选择效应还是出口学习效应

本文采用2011年中国服务业上市企业数据对企业与生产率的"自我选择"及"出口中学"效应进行实证检验,结果表明:(1)出口是中国服务业企业生产率提升的重要影响因素,同时企业生产率的提升也促进了出口规模的扩大;(2)在分所有制企业的检验中,只有国有企业均支持"自我选择"和"出口中学"假说,而非国有企业只支持"出口中学"假说。中国应该推动服务贸易发展,及时推进国有企业改革,落实反垄断政策。     

中国服务业企业出口与生产率关系——自我选择效应还是出口学习效应

本文采用2011年中国服务业上市企业数据对企业与生产率的"自我选择"及"出口中学"效应进行实证检验,结果表明:(1)出口是中国服务业企业生产率提升的重要影响因素,同时企业生产率的提升也促进了出口规模的扩大;(2)在分所有制企业的检验中,只有国有企业均支持"自我选择"和"出口中学"假说,而非国有企业只支持"出口中学"假说。中国应该推动服务贸易发展,及时推进国有企业改革,落实反垄断政策。     

生产率与中国企业国际化模式:来自微观企业的证据

本文从微观角度研究中国企业生产率及国际化模式选择是否符合新新贸易理论。在匹配《境外投资企业(机构)名录》与工业企业数据库的基础上,借助一阶随机占优的Kolmogorov-Smirnov非参数检验,发现对外投资企业、出口企业和非出口企业间的生产率关系并不完全符合新新贸易理论,出口企业存在"生产率悖论"。随后,本文基于多元Logit回归模型分析企业生产率对国际化模式选择的影响,全样本回归结果显示,企业生产率有效地促进了企业对外投资,但不利于企业出口,并进一步从出口密度视角为出口企业的"生产率悖论"问题进行解释及验证。     

中国出口企业的“生产率悖论”与“生产率陷阱”——基于2008年中国制造业企业数据实证分析

在Melitz提出从企业异质性角度分析生产率对出口影响以后,国内学者运用实证检验认为我国制造业企业出口存在"生产率悖论"即出口企业的生产率低于未出口企业,也检验得出出口企业存在"生产率陷阱",即出口对企业生产率具有阻碍作用。本文首先提出一个数理模型研究企业出口与生产率的相互联系,再运用2008年中国工业企业数据库实证检验"生产率悖论"与"生产率陷阱",并讨论它们存在的原因,为了使结论更加可靠,本文对出口企业与国内企业分别进行了全国、分行业、分省份的实证检验。最后在模型分析与实证检验的基础上提出我国出口制造业企业走出"生产率陷阱"的途径。     

中国服务企业“出口—生产率悖论”存在性检验

本文选取了中国服务业7个行业2010年~2014年的数据,通过用总量法和均值法两种方法测算,并比较中国服务业出口企业和非出口企业的生产率来检验出口企业"悖论"的存在性,根据检验结果可以看出,部分服务业出口企业是存在"出口—生产率悖论"的。最后,本文检验了生产率和企业出口规模的相关性,结果表明,虽然服务企业生产率与出口具有正相关性,但是服务业企业的全要素生产率的系数并不显著,说明服务企业的出口与该企业的生产率并无关系,验证了我国服务企业并不是只有生产率高的企业选择出口。     

生产率和融资异质性对企业出口的影响——基于门槛效应的分析

基于企业全要素生产率和融资能力异质性的视角,本文从理论和实证两个方面对生产率和融资异质性对企业出口的相互作用进行了分析。理论分析表明,生产率和融资能力对企业出口的影响互为条件:生产率水平在一定的范围内,融资水平的提高才会促进出口;同样地,融资能力达到一定水平,生产率提高才会促进出口。门槛效应模型的实证结果与理论假说一致,生产率和生产规模存在双重门槛,融资能力存在单一门槛,稳健性检验结果显示在适度水平内,生产率和融资能力对出口的影响更显著。系统GMM模型进一步验证了内源融资、外源融资、综合得分和融资指数等不同融资水平衡量指标下,融资异质性对持续出口企业出口规模的影响。     

“出口—产能假说”与中国企业适用性

近年来部分学者指出,不论国内体制是否扭曲,产能利用率较低的企业倾向于选择出口,而产能利用率较高的企业更愿意在国内销售.本文依据上述观点提出“出口—产能假说”,并探讨和评析了该假说的成因、机理与局限,同时实证研究了其对于中国企业的适用性.结果发现,产能利用率较高(较低)的企业倾向于选择出口(内销),与“出口—产能假说”相违背,可能原因在于国内存在的内需不足、外需依赖、国企低效和体制扭曲等问题.本文还发现产能利用率是中国企业“出口—生产率悖论”的成因之一,且自身较高的绩效水平和良好的外部环境促进了企业的出口选择.本文的研究首次从企业层面揭示了中国企业的产能利用率在其出口决定中的作用,且研究结论为当前中国抑制新一轮产能过剩的相关政策制定提供了微观层面的决策依据.     

出口与企业生产率:由实证而理论的最新拓展

出口与企业生产率之间关系的研究属于国际贸易研究的最新论题,这原本是个实证论题,后来被提升到理论层面。大量的实证研究文献集中在"自我选择效应"和"出口学习效应"两个命题。理论层面的拓展以对传统理论之企业无差异假定条件的打破为基点。文章在对1995-2006年关于出口与企业生产率关系的实证与理论研究进行归纳、总结的基础上提出了进一步研究的方向。     

生产率决定中国企业出口倾向吗——企业所有制异质性视角的分析

本文围绕生产率与企业出口倾向的前沿论题,从企业所有制异质性视角进行实证分析。中国企业的出口区别于国外成熟市场经济体,出口倾向并非完全由生产率决定,而是依所有制类型不同表现出巨大差异。本文首次提出了中国总体企业生产率和出口倾向之间潜在的"倒U形"关系,从所有制异质性视角予以化解,并运用各所有制的分样本计量检验了"自我选择效应"假说在中国的有限适用性,从而为中国企业出口决策提供了稳健的经验支持。     

Export Premium,Self‐selection and Learning‐by‐Exporting: Evidence from Chinese Matched Firms

This study empirically focuses on examining the hypotheses of export premium (exporters are more productive than non‐exporters), selection‐into‐exporting (more productive firms are ones that tend to become exporters) and learning‐by‐exporting (new export market entrants have higher productivity growth than non‐exporters in the post‐entry period). The propensity score matching method is used to adjust for observable differences of firm characteristics between exporters and non‐exporters, allowing an adequate ‘like‐for‐like’ comparison. We also use the difference‐in‐difference matching estimator to capture the magnitude of different productivity growth between matched new export market entrants and non‐exporters in the post‐entry period up to two years. Drawing on 2,340 Chinese firms in the period 2000–02, we find evidence for export premium and self‐selection, and once the firm has entered the export market there is additional productivity growth from the learning effect, in particular in the second year after entry.     

我国出口企业的“生产率悖论”及其解释

本文用1998-2007年的中国工业企业数据,选取近300万家企业,分20个行业检验了我国企业出口与生产率的关系,结果显示:只供应国内市场的企业生产率反而高于出口企业;并且企业出口与生产率呈现负相关关系,即生产率越低的企业出口越多。此结论与新-新贸易理论的结论相悖,我们称之为生产率悖论。进一步检验还发现,企业规模是影响出口的主要因素,而出口贸易对于企业生产率的影响是不显著的。笔者认为,导致我国出口企业出现生产率悖论的原因可能在于我国加工贸易较多,且占据了出口贸易的主体。     

The effect of institutional quality on firm export performance in emerging economies: a contingency model of firm age and size

It is widely accepted that countries with sound formal and informal institutions create more robust environments for firm performance. However, due to the liabilities faced by firms without available slack and/or market power, we contend that institutions are especially important for new and small firms. Unfortunately, there is little research examining the potential moderating effect of firm size or age on the relationship between institutional quality and export performance. In response, we hypothesize that institutional quality will be more important to increasing the export performance of new and small firms compared with their large, established counterparts. We test our hypotheses using data from the World Bank’s World Business Environment Survey. The results of our analyses offer support for our model, although some institutional variables appear to be more important to export performance than others. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results.     

Exporting and Environmental Performance: A Firm‐level Productivity Analysis

The objective of this paper is to study empirically the relationship between export orientation and firms’ environmental performance from different perspectives of trade theory. On the one hand, productivity heterogeneity is analysed within the new trade‐theoretical framework. The approach followed is to determine firm‐level productivity components, including an environmental productivity indicator (as a performance measure) and taking as reference the Spanish food industry. On the other hand, from the traditional comparative advantage perspective, this study also develops an export performance model to evaluate the effect of technology, environmental variables and factor endowment on exporting. The results show greater environmental productivity and corporate efficiency for export‐oriented firms. Our findings also determine the positive effect on firms’ export intensity of environmental performance as a factor of specialisation and technology proficiency.     

Firm productivity and export markets: a non-parametric approach

This paper examines total factor productivity differences between exporting and non-exporting firms. These differences are documented on the basis of a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms over the period 1991-1996. The paper also examines two complementary explanations for the greater productivity of exporting firms: (1) the market selection hypothesis, and (2) the learning hypothesis. Non-parametric tests are proposed and implemented for testing these hypotheses. Results indicate clearly higher levels of productivity for exporting firms than for non-exporting firms. With respect to the relative merits of the selection and the learning hypotheses, we find evidence supporting the self-selection of more productive firms in the export market. The evidence in favor of learning-by-exporting is rather weak, and limited to younger exporters.     

Export Entry,Export Exit and Productivity in German Manufacturing Industries

This paper contributes to the flourishing literature on exports and productivity by using a unique newly available panel of exporting establishments from the manufacturing sector of Germany from 1995 to 2004 to test three hypotheses motivated by a theoretical model by Hopenhayn (Econometrica 1992): (H1) Firms that stop exporting in year t were in t?1 less productive than firms that continue to export in t. (H2) Firms that start to export in year t are less productive than firms that export both in year t?1 and in year t. (H3) Firms from a cohort of export starters that still export in the last year of the panel were more productive in the start year than firms from the same cohort that stopped exporting in between. While results for West Germany support all three hypotheses, this is only the case for (H1) and (H2) in East Germany.     

Exporting and productivity in business services: Evidence from the United States

Does exporting make firms more productive, or do more productive firms choose to become exporters? This paper considers the link between exporting and productivity for a sample of firms in US business services. We find that larger, more productive firms are more likely to become exporters, but that these factors do not necessarily influence the extent of exporting. This conforms with previous literature that there is a self-selection effect into exporting. We then test for the effect of exporting on productivity levels after allowing for this selection effect. We model both the relationship between exporting and productivity, and a simultaneous relationship between export intensity and productivity after allowing for selection bias. In both cases we find an association, indicating that productivity is positively linked both to exporting and to increased exposure to international markets.     

Opening and linking up: firms,GVCs, and productivity in Latin America

This work explores the relationship between exports, global value chains (GVCs)’ participation and position, and firms’ productivity. To this aim, we combine the most recent World Bank Enterprise Survey in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Trade Organization trade in value-added data. To explore the above relationship, we adopt an extended version of the standard Cobb-Douglas output function including indicators of export performance and GVCs. We control for heterogeneity among firms (by country, region, and industry), sample selection, firms’ characteristics, and reverse causality. Our empirical outcomes confirm the presence of a positive relationship between participation in international activities and firm performance. They also show that both participation in GVCs and position within GVCs matter. These findings have strong policy implications and may help policymakers in choosing the best policy options to enhance the link between GVCs’ integration and firms’ productivity.     

Spillovers from Multinationals to Heterogeneous Domestic Firms: Evidence from Hungary

Firms cluster their economic activities to exploit technological and informational spillovers from other firms. Spillovers from multinational firms can be particularly beneficial to firms in less developed economies, because technological superiority and management expertise of foreign multinational firms yield various opportunities for learning. Yet, the importance of foreign firms’ spillovers might vary with respect to two key features of domestic firms: their productivity level and their export status. In line with theories on the absorptive capacity of firms, we argue on the basis of an empirical analysis of Hungarian firms that larger and more productive firms are more able than smaller firms to reap spillovers from multinationals. However, the export status is found to be of minor importance once higher productivity is controlled for.