资本成本的测算方法及在企业价值评估中的应用

对资本成本的研究是现代公司金融学的核心内容,贯彻到公司财务决策的各个方面,尤其是加权平均资本成本(WACC)在资本结构决策和投资项目取舍等发面发挥了重要的作用。本文对资本成本的概念进行了梳理,同时对计算方法进行了系统的总结,并以加拿大一家境外矿山企业为例进行了计算,意在对WACC的基本概念进行总结,对应用范围进行界定,以避免观念上的错误;二是对WACC计算方法进行归纳,以指导实践。     

东方电机企业价值评估案例分析

本文通过对东方电机的A股的市场价值和H股的市场价值进行评估,发现A股市场和H股市场反映的企业价值都高于我们评估的价值,资本市场的估价职能都处于高估状态,同时发现A股的企业价值和H股的企业价值偏离较大.     

企业价值的一般确定与企业整体价值评估探析

围绕资本市场展开的企业外部产权交易和企业内部投资、融资等活动都离不开企业价值评估,企业价值评估已成为企业管理层和资本市场各方投资者关注的焦点。本文基于不同视角阐释了现代企业价值的基本涵义,并解释了企业整体价值评估的涵义,重点说明了现代企业价值评估的假设及特点,最后对企业整体价值评估方法进行了比较分析,并就企业整体价值评估的重要性和挑战性进行论述。     

折现率在企业价值评估中的运用

采用收益法评估企业价值时,折现率的不同选择会对评估结果产生较大影响.本文讨论了确定折现率的两种方法:资本资产定价模型和加权平均资本成本模型.     

企业并购目标企业价值评估风险及其控制案例分析

随着我国社会主义市场经济的不断发展,企业资本扩展的程度日益加深,并购作为资本扩展的主要手段,在加速企业资本扩展、促进企业资本有效运营方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。但是,企业并购也是风险较大的经营活动,一旦防范和控制不力,便可能导致整个并购工作的失败。在众多风险中,企业并购过程中存在的财务风险尤为突出,而其中的目标企业定价风险无疑是险中之险,它大多来源于对目标企业价值评估的不准确。因此,本文主要通过某企业并购的实际案例,对其目标企业价值评估风险的产生原因、发展过程进行有效分析,并加以控制,以降低并购中的对目标企业的价值评估不准确而造成的定价风险,提高并购的成功率。     

关于企业收益法及折现率的专题研究

从企业价值评估的角度对其中收益法的应用展开分析与探讨,主要是为了阐明收益法是与现代市场经济客观要求相符的一种评估方法;不管从理论层面还是实践层面均应为企业价值评估当中相对具有较高科学性的方法,通常被作为第一选择,只要进行合理运用,无误预测,全面地思考有关因素,此方法必然在企业价值评估中扮演更为关键的角色。 在借助其对企业价值进行评估的时候,折现率十分关键,其微小的改变就会极大地影响到最后的结果。 折现率有资本资产定价模型等多种模型及方法,各种模型都有其优势与不足以及通用性。 对折现率进行研究,有助于资产评估人员更高效地对企业价值做出客观的评价。     

基于案例分析的交通PPP项目资本结构研究——以南京某轨道交通项目为例的资本结构分析

随着PPP项目的大力推进,越来越多的交通项目采用了PPP模式。由于交通类项目投资巨大、收益较慢,因此PPP交通项目的资本结构显得尤其重要。据此,资本结构的核心问题是权益与债务的比例,或者资本金占总投资的比例。通过理论分析,论证资本结构的变化会如何影响整个项目的资金运转;通过WACC模型(加权平均资金成本模型)来探寻合理的资本结构的范围;最后,将用南京某轨道交通为例,通过模拟财务测算,探究资本结构的变化会给项目预期的收益带来怎样的影响,进行具体的资本结构分析。     

沃尔评分法在企业价值评估中的应用

企业价值评估中的收益法是一种常用的方法,其中,折现率的确定是一个较复杂的问题,微小的变化即会对评估结果产生较大影响。本文对常用的两种折现率的确定方法,即资本加权平均法和资本资产定价模型法提出了根据企业财务分析结果进行修正的方法。     

中国旅游类上市公司资本结构、经济绩效、企业价值关系实证研究

本文从资本结构理论研究出发。通过实证分析的方法研究中国旅游类上市公司的资本结构,同时探讨在中国何种资本结构、债券比例能够对企业经济绩效、企业价值产生积极的影响。本文得出结论为,在短期内,债权资本比例高对经济绩效和企业价值贡献较大;但债权比率提高超过一定限度之后,会对经济效益和企业价值起到负面的影响。绩效评估时提出不能单一用经济绩效来评价,企业价值是一个由多种因素共同影响的综合指标。并且对企业如何确立最优资本结构提出建议。     

资本市场中企业经营业绩分析与评估制度研究

如何确定企业在资本市场中的真实价值，如何以企业价值为导向进行的财务分析是目前理论界和实务界急需探讨的问题。文章从对资本市场中企业经营业绩分析与评估制度进行梳理，期望对我国企业经营业绩分析与评估制度建设提供理论参考。     

Applicability of the Classic WACC Concept in Practice

ABSTRACT

A large percentage of companies use the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach as the primary technique for investment/project evaluation and the capital budgeting process. This approach requires forecasting the detailed cash flow of the project under evaluation and then discounting the resulting cash flow to the present value (Net Present Value–NPV) using an appropriate discount rate.

The discount rate commonly used represents the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of the firm. There is no scarcity of literature on this subject as the concept has been around for the last 50 years or so. Although most analysts believe the concept is simple and very well known, the irony is that its misinterpretation and misuse prevails. There are many versions of the WACC equation and each is specific to a certain cash flow. Therefore, using the classic WACC relationship in all cases may result in the calculation of an overly optimistic NPV. Depending on the cash flow pattern, the investment may show a positive NPV at the classic WACC but it will actually be losing equity.

This paper highlights (a) pitfalls and misuses of the WACC, (b) interdependence between types of cash flow and WACC, (c) assumptions behind the WACC and whether these assumptions are realistic, and (d) alternative approaches to arrive at the correct net present value (NPV). Company CEOs, management, analysts, and other investors using the WACC for investment decisions need to be fully aware of its pitfalls and misuses.

RESUMEN. Un gran porcentaje de empresas usan el enfoque del flujo de caja descontado (DCF–discounted cash flow), como la técnica principal para evaluar las inversiones/proyectos y el proceso de elaboración del presupuesto de capital. Este enfoque exige la proyección detallada del flujo de caja del proyecto bajo análisis y, a continuación, el redescuento del flujo de caja resultante al valor actual-Valor Actual Neto (Net Present Value–NPV) utilizando una tasa de redescuento apropiada.

La tasa de descuento comúnmente utilizada representa el Costo de Capital Medio Ponderado (Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) de la empresa. No falta literatura a este respecto, ya que el concepto ha existido ya alrededor de 50 años. Aunque la mayoría de los analistas creen que el mismo es simple y muy conocido, irónicamente, lo que prevalece es su mala interpretación y uso equivocado. Existen muchas versiones sobre la ecuación WACC, y cada una se identifica con un flujo de caja específico. Consecuentemente, el uso de la relación WACC clásica puede resultar, en todos los casos, en un cálculo de NPV exageradamente optimista. Dependiendo del tipo de flujo de caja, la inversión puede mostrar un NPV positivo con un WACC clásico, cuando en realidad estará perdiendo patrimonio.

Este documento coloca en destaque (a) escollos y mal uso del WACC, (b) interdependencia entre el tipo de flujo de caja y el WACC, (c) presunciones por detrás del WACC, y si ellas son realistas, y (d) mostrar enfoques alternativos para llegar al valor actual neto correcto (NPV). El CEO de la empresa, su gerencia, analistas y otros inversores usarán el WACC para tomar decisiones inherentes a la inversión.

RESUMO. Uma grande porcentagem das empresas usa a abordagem do fluxo de caixa descontado (DCF) como técnica básica de avaliação de investimentos/projetos e do processo de orçamentação de capital. Essa abordagem requer que se preveja o fluxo de caixa detalhado do projeto sob avaliação e, depois, desconte o fluxo de caixa resultante para obter o valor presente líquido (NPV) usando uma taxa de desconto apropriada.

A taxa de desconto geralmente usada representa o Custo de Capital Médio Ponderado (WACC–Weighted Average Cost of Capital) da empresa. A literatura sobre este tema é abundante, já que o conceito existe há uns 50 anos. Embora a maioria dos analistas considere o conceito simples e bem conhecido, o fato é que erros de interpretação e utilização predominam. Existem muitas vers$oTes da equação do WACC, cada uma específica a certo fluxo de caixa. Portanto, aplicar a relação WACC clássica a todos os casos pode resultar em cálculos de NPVs otimistas demais. Dependendo do padrão de fluxo de caixa, o investimento pode exibir um NPV positivo no WACC clássico, quando na verdade estará perdendo patrimônio.

Este artigo realça (a) as armadilhas e usos equivocados do WACC, (b) as interdependências entre tipo de fluxo de caixa e WACC, (c) pressupostos por trás do WACC e se esses pressupostos são realistas, e (d) mostra abordagens alternativas para se chegar ao valor presente líquido (NPV) correto. Visa os CEOs das empresas, a gerência, os analistas e utros investidores que usam o WACC nas decisões de investimentos.     

A SUPPLY CHAIN‐ORIENTED APPROACH OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

This article analyzes and illustrates the role of payment terms for working capital improvements in supply chains. So far, research has shown how individual industries and powerful companies were able to enhance their cash‐to‐cash cycles at both their supplier's and customer's expense. From a “network perspective,” the exploitation of individual advantages by a single powerful company lowers the overall financial wealth of the supply chain. Therefore, a collaborative working capital management approach is proposed, by which the cash‐to‐cash cycles of companies with the lowest weighted average cost of capital (WACC) should be extended, while companies with higher financing costs are relieved by a shortened cash‐to‐cash cycle. An unequal distribution of power, however, between supply chain members can be the main hindrance for developing a collaborative working capital management solution.     

An Empirical Study on the Factors Affecting Online Shopping Behavior of Millennial Consumers

The online market in India is growing at an exponential rate, predominantly driven by the massive and extensive promotional activities. This strategy may not be appreciable in the long run, hence a real value addition is essential, which is explored through this study. The main objective of this research is to study about the determinants that are affecting the online purchasing behavior of millennial consumers. Conceptual framework, which consists of four factors that may induce online purchase behavior among millennial consumers: consumer innovativeness, perceived benefits, perceived risks, attitude and intention. The population of the study is from the millennial customer’s segment of Chennai metro, Tamil Nadu, India, and the study used systematic random sampling. The statistical tools applied are chi-square, ANOVA, correlation, multiple regression, and factor analysis. From the outcomes of this study, factors influencing online purchase are analyzed, and suggestive strategies for online companies are recommended.     

再保险经纪人信用风险问题研究

随着全球再保险业务的不断发展,再保险经纪人也日益增加,他们在世界各国保险公司之间充当中介从事广泛的活动。再保险经纪人提供的各项服务为保险公司与再保险公司之间建立再保险关系提供极大的方便,但是依靠再保险经纪人安排再保险业务会产生信用风险。再保险经纪人信用风险会影响保险公司或者再保险公司财务稳定,严重时甚至可能导致破产。本文通过分析再保险经纪人信用风险产生的原因,讨论了再保险经纪人信用风险对保险公司和再保险公司的影响,并从市场准入、市场行为控制以及财务要求三方面提出了相关建议。     

Das Rätsel der Niedrigzinsphase

The article disputes that low interest rates, a characteristic of the German Economy since the Great Recession, indicate a low marginal productivity of capital. It advocates the use of WACC (weighted average cost of capital) as a proxy of the marginal productivity of capital. Using proprietary data from Bloomberg, the article demonstrates that WACC did not fall to zero in Germany during recent years. On average, the marginal productivity of capital was around ten per cent, and it never fell below six per cent.     

基于公司股票价值最大化的最优资本结构研究——以再生水行业为例

确定最优资本结构对再生水项目的融资和行业发展具有重要的意义。为此采用基于公司股票价值最大化的最优资本结构研究模型,结合上市公司数据对再生水行业的最优资本结构进行实证分析,旨在为再生水行业的项目融资安排提供参考。     

The changing boundaries of system companies

While project marketing and systems selling are mainly concerned with market relations of companies organized on a project basis, it is important to conceptualize the interactions between market conditions and long term technology problems of these firms.The paper deals with strategic problems of system companies. By system companies the authors mean those large, multi-technology, multi-business firms that are typically active in systemic industries in most industrialized countries. In these industries market demand has some peculiar features: discontinuity, heterogeneity and customization, long and complex buying process, variable specification capability of customers. On the supply side, system companies produce unique or small series products, on a customized basis, by using a large array of technologies.System integration is the distinctive strategic capability of these companies. It is argued that system integration involves the management of a peculiar kind of uncertainty. The long run strategic objective of system companies is to maintain the global control of the technological dynamics of the system. However, there are many possible changes in the boundaries of product systems that may threat the viability of control. To gain strategic control, system companies have to manipulate simultaneously market and technology leverages. The paper offers a rich conceptual discussion of these problems.     

对外承包工程风险问题探讨

进行国外项目的承揽在带来较大经济效益的同时,也会带来一定的风险,本文着重从筹资、资金往来、利率以及税收等方面对国外承揽项目可能存在的经营风险和财务风险进行了分析,并从机构设置、成本控制、资金管理、合同签订等方面对企业如何控制风险方面提出了一些建议.     

以净资产减持国有股的可行性研究

国有股减持是国有控股公司改革的难题。国有股减持方案选择的关键是国有股定价问题。从国有股减持目标、国有股内在价值和我国证券市场融资能力三方面进行分析 ,可以看出 ,以净资产减持国有股即是必要的又具有可行性 ,以其确保国家长远利益的实现。