Capital Regulation,Bailout and Banking Asset Correlation

We study the effect of capital regulation on banking asset correlation. Banks are more efficient users of banking assets. This implies that it may be ex post optimal to bail out a failed bank. We show, under Basel 1 capital regulation, that the financial regulator is committed to a mixed bailout strategy in the state of systemic failure, which reduces banks’ incentive to choose highly correlated assets. The mixed strategy is not creditable under mark‐to‐market capital regulation. In the subgame perfect equilibrium, banking asset correlation increases, resulting in a high probability of systemic failure. We then discuss social losses under different capital regulations.     

我国商业银行系统性风险评估与实证研究——基于预期期望损失方法测度

文章对我国商业银行系统性风险进行评估,采用系统性预期期望损失和边际预期期望损失两个测度变量,以此作为系统重要性指数,通过预期期望损失方法利用我国14家上市商业银行的面板数据评估我国商业银行系统性风险水平。实证结果表明：国有银行系统重要性虽然占据主要地位,但系统性风险贡献排名却远低于其他商业银行,主要原因是国有银行的现金流更稳定,政府隐性担保及政策优惠对弱化系统性风险贡献度有很大帮助。另外我国中小城市商业银行更有可能带来系统性风险,因为股份制商业银行资产总规模虽然相对较小,但资产扩张速度过快、盈利大幅波动、资本充足率低且负债率较高,相比较国有银行更需要得到监管部门的重点监管。     

Efficiency and capital adequacy in Taiwan banking: BCC and super-DEA estimation

In this study the researchers adopt two DEA methods – Banker-Charnes-Cooper and Super Efficiency – to investigate whether a bank's technical efficiency is significantly different when capital adequacy (risk) is specified compared with when capital adequacy (risk) is not specified. The information is obtained from 46 Taiwanese banks for the period 2000 to 2002. The Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index is employed to measure the impact of productivity change on the panel data. The empirical results from the DEA approach are summarized as follows: (1) Capital adequacy is proven to be an influential factor in evaluating the efficiency of banks. (2) The average efficiency scores of banks with high capital adequacy (>8%) are significantly higher than those of banks with lower capital adequacy (<8%). (3) The efficiency scores of banks with high risk capital requirement (above the average) are higher than those of banks with lower risk capital requirement (under the average). (4) Banks with both high capital adequacy and high risk capital requirement are superior in performance than all the other banks, while banks with both low capital adequacy and low-risk capital requirement performance are the worst by contrast. (5) Based on the Malmquist total TFP index, we find that bank productivity has not increased.     

美国银行并购的反垄断规制及对中国的启示

1963年拉开了美国银行并购的反垄断规制的序幕。到目前为止,美国已建立起了较为完善的银行并购的反垄断规制体系。文章通过分析美国银行并购的反垄断规制的缘起、方法与其特征,指出中国应借鉴美国的经验,构建自身的银行并购的反垄断规制体系,包括：（1）以＂合理原则＂为反垄断分析的核心原则;（2）民族金融竞争力的提高作为银行并购的反垄断目标;（3）高效的组织管理体系和合作有序的管制协调机制;（4）制订《银行并购法》作为银行并购的指引;（5）科学合理的对竞争效果的经济分析体系;（6）激励性和约束性相容的反垄断规制政策;（7）规制政策应具有前瞻性和灵活性。     

风险度量的幻觉与基于模型的银行资本监管方法

《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》将新资本协议的缺陷,看成是可以通过提高资本充足标准来改进的缺陷,没有系统地分析现有银行监管模式中所存在的问题。文章分析了风险度量模型所存在的一些内在缺陷,并指出,巴塞尔银行监管模式的基本假设——金融风险可以通过先进模型来准确度量,其实只是一种幻觉。文章同时指出,如果模型不能准确地度量风险,在现有的基于模型的银行监管模式下,更高的资本充足要求,只会激起银行更大的监管套利动机;更为重要的是,这种银行监管模式容易引发内生性风险,从而危及整个系统的稳健性。因此,在提高核心资本标准的同时,巴塞尔委员会应考虑如何更加科学地对银行实施资本充足监管。     

Technology and bank marketing information systems

Banks have traditionally been hostile to the marketing concept. Whilst this is being eroded, banks do not seem to have firmly embraced marketing information systems, according to an interview survey undertaken, although some steps are being made. With their major investments in technology it is crucial that banks take the opportunities to develop a comprehensive marketing information system.     

Bond markets and banks in inter-war Japan

The issuance of bonds increased in inter-war Japan, the main investors being banks because the demand for loans declined in this period. Banks that were more tolerant to risk (that is, whose capital ratio was higher) made a larger amount of loans, which were riskier than bonds. While national bonds were traded actively in secondary markets, local bonds, corporate bonds, and bank debentures were not traded actively during this period. After the formation of cartels of banks and securities firms for bond underwriting and trading during the Great Depression, bond trading in secondary markets diminished, except for national bonds.     

Capital in British banking, 1920–1970

British banks have long attached great importance to capital. Currently they are subject to greater scrutiny and regulation on this issue than ever before. However, it was not until the disclosure of ‘hidden reserves’ in 1970 that a true picture of British banks' capital emerged. This article uses archival evidence to reveal the capital ratios of several major banks for much of the twentieth century, and demonstrates how these ratios were influenced by official restrictions. Overall the banks maintained much higher levels of capital than implied by their published accounts, although the impact of official restrictions was to force them to operate with lower capital ratios than they desired. But it is argued that capital ratios were neither achieved nor maintained at the expense of reduced or less risky lending.     

次级金融债券:我国商业银行补充资本金的新渠道

深化金融企业改革是金融体制改革的一个重要内容 ,加强银行业资本充足性监管是金融机构改革的迫切要求。我国商业银行普遍面临资本金短缺问题 ,必须要寻找新的补充商业银行资本金的渠道。尽管最近国家通过外汇储备补充商业银行的资本金 ,但这并不是商业银行获得资本金的长久有效的渠道。而发行次级金融债券才是商业银行目前解决资本金不足的一个最可行的方式 ,并且实施的时机已经成熟     

我国商业银行应对资本监管的经营管理策略

银行监管的核心问题是资本监管问题。本文依据巴塞尔协议构建的全球银行监管框架,分析了我国商业银行资本监管日趋严格的现状和国外商业银行针对资本监管采用的经营管理策略。在深入剖析资本监管对我国商业银行经营管理影响的基础上,提出了我国商业银行应采取资本筹集、资产证券化和改变经营管理模式等3个策略来应对新的资本监管标准。     

资本监管下中国97家商业银行风险承担行为的实证检验--基于一个新的研究框架

为了精确探索资本监管对商业银行风险承担行为的影响路径，本文建立资本监管约束商业银行风险承担动机、优化风险承担决策和预防风险承担后果这一新的研究框架。另外，本文以中国97家商业银行微观数据为样本，建立SD资本风险内生模型进行实证检验，实证结果证实本文结论突破了以往将资本监管对商业银行风险承担行为的影响简单概括为有效或者无效，使得政策启示更加具有针对性。     

Bank Profitability and Capital Regulation: Evidence from Listed and non-Listed Banks in Africa

This study investigates the determinants of African bank profitability while controlling for bank capital regulation. Using static and dynamic panel estimation techniques, the findings indicate that bank size, total regulatory capital, and loan loss provisions are significant determinants of the return on assets of listed banks compared to non-listed banks. Also, regulatory capital has a more significant (and positive) impact on the return on assets of listed banks than non-listed banks particularly when listed banks have sufficient regulatory capital ratio. We also find that higher regulatory thresholds have a negative impact on the return on asset of non-listed banks.     

Financial integration,specialization, and systemic risk

This paper studies the implications of cross-border financial integration for financial stability when banks' loan portfolios adjust endogenously. Banks can be subject to sectoral and aggregate domestic shocks. After integration they can share these risks in a complete interbank market. When banks have a comparative advantage in providing credit to certain industries, financial integration may induce banks to specialize in lending. An enhanced concentration in lending does not necessarily increase risk, because a well-functioning interbank market allows to achieve the necessary diversification. This greater need for risk sharing, though, increases the risk of cross-border contagion and the likelihood of widespread banking crises. However, even though integration increases the risk of contagion it improves welfare if it permits banks to realize specialization benefits.     

商业银行资本缓冲周期性特征的差异性分析

在国际社会要求计提逆周期资本缓冲和国内不断加强商业银行资本缓冲监管的双重背景下,文章以全国28家商业银行2004~2014年的非平衡面板数据为样本,基于资本成本视角检验商业银行资本缓冲的周期性特征,并分析其在不同经济阶段、不同类型银行间的差异性.研究表明:我国商业银行资本缓冲整体具有逆周期性特征,但不同类型商业银行在不同经济阶段所表现的周期性特征也具有一定的差异性;资本缓冲逆周期性在经济下行期表现更明显;国有商业银行在经济上行期表现出更强的逆周期性,股份制商业银行具有显著的顺周期性特征,且在经济下行期的顺周期性特征更明显,城市商业银行和农村商业银行均在全样本期及经济上行期表现出逆周期性特征.依据实证结论,文章提出了当局在实施资本缓冲监管过程中应采取差异化策略的政策建议.     

企业信贷融资存在的问题及对策研究

企业发展面临着许多自身难以克服的经济、制度以及法律等方面的矛盾和问题。在这些难题中,作为一个世界性的难题,融资问题更是首当其冲。以银行为主体的金融体系是适合我国企业融资要求实际的,然而由于风险等种种问题,银行对企业贷款申请的拒绝率比较高,企业银行融资面临严重的融资困境。信息的不对称性对于企业融资选择有着重大的影响作用。融资难问题需要企业和银行共同的努力来解决,相关部门应全面提升企业自身素质,努力解决银企间信息不对称问题,加大金融机构支持力度,强化企业的融资制度保障,以此来促进我国特设社会主义市场经济的发展。     

Banking is essential,banks are not. The future of financial intermediation in the age of the Internet

This paper examines the question how the future of financial intermediaries and banks as special financial intermediaries may look like in the age of the Internet. The reduction of transaction costs caused by the Internet will reduce the barriers to enter the market for financial products, because there may be no longer a need to run a large system of cost-intensive branches. But as closer examination of the functions of financial intermediaries shows, not everybody can sell and distribute financial products. This is true because of asymmetric information problems in financial business which require an intermediary with a good reputation and because of the need to keep large funds of capital to transform the risk of assets. Both requirements represent an important barrier to enter the market for financial intermediation. Not every financial product will be exposed to more competition due to the rise of the Internet but only products which are standardized and have a low risk. Moreover, large firms with high amounts of capital and a good reputation can be considered as new competitors for banks.     

Regulation,ownership and bank performance in the MENA region: Evidence for Islamic and conventional banks

This paper investigates the impact of regulation and ownership on the performance of banks in 19 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We test the hypothesis that the effect of regulation on bank profitability depends on the type of ownership structure. The public and private views of bank regulation are also tested along with the interaction of bank regulation and ownership. We find regulation measures to have a strong influence on bank profitability, whereas ownership structure seems to play a limited role in explaining bank performance in the MENA region. The results support the private view of bank regulation and suggest that capital requirements and private monitoring when interacted with ownership concentration exert a strong influence on bank profitability. When the analysis is done separately for conventional and Islamic banks, we find that the impact of bank regulations though strongly significant, does not depend on the type of ownership structure prevailing in conventional banks. In contrast, regulatory effects seem to be important drivers of profitability of Islamic banks. Therefore, it is very important for policy makers in these countries not to treat the two types of banks identically when setting up and implementing bank regulations especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.     

Wachstumsschwäche,Bankenmalaise und Bankenregulierung

The paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about appropriate policies towards banks when economic growth is lagging. Whereas the European Commission and representatives of the German government argue that strict banking regulation harms economic growth, the comparison between Europe and the US suggests that the opposite is true and that weak economic growth, even in Germany, is due to the insufficiency of the clean-up following the financial crisis. The ECB’s attempts to force banks to increase their lending exacerbate their weaknesses. The paper warns against confusing mere growth in demand, fuelled by credit and possibly unsustainable, with sustainable output growth, fuelled by appropriate lending and investments. Such investments will not be forthcoming if banks are weak and their decisions are distorted by debt overhang and hidden insolvency. Hopes that debt overhang will be reduced over time are illusory if banking is unprofitable. Immediate recapitalisations would be better and should be possible if banks are perceived as solvent. The view that strict banking regulation harms economic growth is in conflict with experience, including the tightening of capital requirements since 2010.     

Bank Loan Announcements and Borrower Stock Returns: Does Bank Origin Matter?

Banks play a special role as providers of informative signals about the quality and value of their borrowers. Such signals, however, may have a quality of their own as the banks' selection and monitoring abilities may differ. Using an event study methodology, we study the importance of the geographical origin and organization of the banks for the investors' assessments of firms' credit quality and economic worth following loan announcements. Our sample comprises 986 announcements of bank loans to US firms over the period of 1980–2003. We find that investors react positively to such announcements if the loans are made by foreign or local banks, but not if the loans are made by banks that are located outside the firm's headquarters state. Investor reaction is, in fact, the largest when the bank is foreign. Our evidence suggest that investors value relationships with more competitive and skilled banks rather than banks that have easier access to private information about the firms. These results are applicable also to the European markets where regulatory and economic borders do not coincide and bank identities and reputation seem to matter a great deal.     

资本约束下我国商业银行的风险偏好现状与对策研究

随着巴塞尔协议Ⅲ和中国银监会印发的《中国银行业实施新监管标准指导意见》的出台,确立了我国银行业实施新监管标准的政策框架。受此影响,当一部分银行资本充足率不迭标时,可以约束盲目信贷扩张,抑制经济过热的手段之一,调控商业银行整体风险水平;当大部分银行都达到了最低资本充足率要求时,资本约束效应将明显弱化,其他政策工具将是调控信贷的主要手段;而大部分银行为了降低风险。会选择“分母”对策,调整其资产组合。监管部门应我国银行业现状出发,以平滑信贷供给的过度波动为目标,逆风向调整资本充足率,以满足监管要求。