Morality and marketing human organs

Recent break-throughs in surgery and the discovery of an effective immunosupressive drug called cyclosporin, have brought a Renaissance in organ transplants. These medical advances have also heightened concern over the already critical shortage of body organs. Several alternatives have been suggested which may help alleviate the organ shortage. One such alternative is to allow commerce in human organs. This article discusses the morality of commercialization of human organs within the framework of several ethical theories. Shaheen Borna is Associate Professor of Marketing at the Ball State University and has written several articles on advertising. Latest publication: The Informative and Persuasive Functions of Advertising: a Moral Appraisal — A Comment, Journal of Business Ethics 4 (1985), pp. 151–153.The first draft of this paper was presented to the faculty of Ball State University in the Bureau of Business Research Faculty Seminar Series. The author would like to thank all the faculty who provided insightful comments, particularly Dean Palomba, professors Williams and Hendrix. The author also would like to thank Mrs. Sandra Marsh for her invaluable editorial help.     

A Social and Economic Model for Europe

The problems that social and labour market institutions are facing today are often attributed to globalisation and ageing. This article argues that globalisation merely exposes inherent weaknesses in social institutions while ageing aggravates them, but that neither of the two phenomena is the fundamental cause of the challenges. Moreover, there is no inherent trade-off between social and economic policies, but to reconcile the policies comprehensive modernisation is needed. Each country can face the challenges should they wish to do so and converging to a single social model is neither needed nor wanted. Finally, European (economic) and national (social) policies become increasingly intertwined and this calls for a new role for Europe. * Bureau of European Policy Advisers, European Commission. The authors would like to thank Tassos Belessiotis for his valuable comments. The authors would also like to thank their colleagues Declan Costello, Georg Fischer, Agnes Hubert, Frédéric Lerais, Mattias Levin, Roger Liddle and Jér?me Vignon. In addition valuable comments by Lans Bovenberg, Gosta Esping-Andersen, Ruud de Mooij, Frederick van der Ploeg and Fritz Scharpf were appreciated. The views expressed in this article are the views of the authors and do not bind the European Commission.     

Expensive Living: The Greek Experience under the Euro

Apart from its widely accepted direct advantages, the introduction of the euro has been widely perceived as causing a surge of inflation in most of the EU member states. Particularly in Greece there has been a decided shift in sentiment concerning EMU membership. Is the common perception among Greeks that the euro has been the primary cause of recent price hikes correct? The authors wish to thank Y. Stournaras and P. Kazakos for their helpful comments and suggestions. The usual disclaimer applies.     

Corporate Taxes in the European Union

The enlargement of the European Union in 2004 and 2007 by a number of countries with comparatively low corporate tax rates – seen by some as representing an unfair competitive advantage – has refuelled the debate on corporate taxation in Europe. The present Forum highlights a number of pertinent issues and discusses the challenges implied for European corporate tax policy. *The authors are indebted to Andreas Reutter for helpful comments. **The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author. They should not be attributed to the European Commission. The author wishes to thank Anton Jevcav for valuable comments. ? European Communities, 2007.     

Bank of England: a View from Frankfurt

The 1998 Bank of England Act made the Bank independent to set interest rates in pursuit of its objective as defined in the same Act: to deliver price stability. Ten years on, Hans-Helmut Kotz of the Deutsche Bundesbank presents a personal view of developments at the Bank of England over the past decade. paper originally written – in a purely personal capacity – for the Royal Economic Society's “Newsletter”, July 2007. The author would like to thank Ben Friedman (Harvard) and Peter Howells (Bristol) for very helpful comments.     

Emerging Markets and the Global Monetary System: The Challenge of Rising Inflation

While spillovers of the present financial turmoil in mature economies to emerging economies have so far largely been contained, the monetary policy implications of the financial turbulence present a challenge to the approach pursued by emerging markets in integrating into the global monetary system following the crises of the mid to late 1990s. Specifically, the period of a smooth coexistence between meeting inflation targets and maintaining a high degree of exchange rate stability is likely to come to an end. * At the time of writing this paper, the second author was an advisor at the Deutsche Bundesbank on secondment from the European Central Bank. The views expressed are solely those of the authors. They wish to thank Karlheinz Bischofberger, Ulrich Grosch and Sabine Herrmann for their valuable comments and suggestions, as well as Livia Chitu for excellent research assistance.     

Regional Policy in the Americas: The EU Experience as a Guide for North-South Integration?

After ten years the negotiations on the largest free trade agreement to date, the Free Trade Area of the Americas, which is to include 34 countries, have still not resulted in an agreement. What can the countries involved learn, both positive and negative, from the experiences of the EU with regional policy?

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The author would like to thank Herman Hoen and J?rg Noll for their comments on an earlier version of this article.     

Corporate Governance and Business Ethics

"It is this distancing of personal relationships, combined with their replacement by written contractual terms and conditions, which make the discussion of ethics within a corporate institutionalised context highly limited and problematic.' The challenge is to find means of personalising modern corporations so as to encourage ethical behaviour. Atul K. Shah PhD (Econ) ACA gained his doctorate from the London School of Economics and is Lecturer in the Department of Accounting and Financial Management, at the University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ; e-mail ashah@essex.ac.uk . This article was conceived while he was Visiting Assistant Professor at the College of Business, University of Maryland, USA. The author wishes to thank Dan Ostas, Lee Preston and Stephen Loeb for helpful comments on earlier drafts.     

Principles of Climate Policy after 2012

The UN conference on climate change in Montreal ended with an agreement to negotiate the extension of the Kyoto Protocol beyond 2012 and the launch of “open and non-binding” talks with non-Kyoto signatories. The following articles look into a number of challenges that will have to be met on the way to a post-20012 climate policy strategy.

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Axel Michaelowa, Head of research programme International Climate Policy, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), Germany. Simon Schmitz, Project Officer, Energy & Climate, and Project Manager, Electricity Utilities, at the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), Geneva, Switzerland. Although the analysis builds on the author’s activities in this function, any conclusions drawn in this article are entirely the author’s own, and do not necessarily represent the views of the WBCSD or its member companies. Preety M. Bhandari, Director, Policy Analysis Division, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India. The views expressed are those of the author and may not reflect the position of the Institute to which the author is affiliated. Henrik Hasselknippe, Senior Analyst with Point Carbon, the global provider of independent analysis, forecasting, market intelligence and news for the power, gas and carbon emissions markets, Head Office, Oslo, Norway.     

Ethical concerns in grievance arbitration

Although the use of arbitration has become commonplace in the organizational world, the ethical issues surrounding arbitration have never been fully explored. The paper reviews ethical issues in arbitration, particularly in terms of forensic bias parallels, that may affect decision-making and make the arbitrator's decision questionable. Finally, the maintenance of fairness in the arbitration process, and the importance of an ethically acceptable system of organizational justice are also discussed.Robert A. Giacalone is Associate professor of Management Systems at the E. Claiborne Robins School of Business, University of Richmond. He is co-editor (with Paul Rosenfeld) ofImpression Management in the Organization (Erlbaum, 1989) andApplied Impression Management (Sage, 1991) and has authored papers on business ethics, organizational sabotage, exit interviewing, and impression management in organizational life. His work has appeared inHuman Relations, Business and Society Review, Journal of Business Ethics, andJournal of Social Psychology, as well as in a variety of other journals.James C. Goodwin is Professor of Management at the University of Richmond. He previously taught at the University of North Carolina and at Florida State University and served as a petroleum engineer with Chevron and Atlantic-Richfield. Dr. Goodwin is the author of numerous articles which have appeared in national and international journals.Martha L. Reiner is Assistant Professor of Management at the E. Claiborne Robins School of Business, University of Richmond. She received her Ph.D. in business and public policy. She has co-authored articles that appeared in theCalifornia Management Review and theNonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly.The authors would like to thank Hinda Greyser Pollard for her insightful comments on a previous draft of this paper.     

Coffee as a Medium for Ethical,Social, and Political Messages: Organizational Legitimacy and Communication

This research examines how an organization, Thanksgiving Coffee, establishes and maintains its legitimacy with its constituent publics. In line with Boyd’s (2000, Journal of Public Relations Research 12(4), 341–353.) concept of actional legitimacy, Thanksgiving Coffee demonstrates a legitimation strategy addressing social issues and by responding to ethical and political questions. Applying Fisher’s (1984, Communication Monographs 51, 1–18) concepts of narrative fidelity and probability, Thanksgiving Coffee’s policies and communication activities were found to alleviate the social issues to which they were addressed and therefore reinforce perceptions of legitimacy among publics. Viewing the influence of organizations from a different perspective, this study provides an example of how the policies of an organization can have a positive impact on the broader society in which it operates. Gregory G. De Blasio teaches courses related to business communication, public relations writing, and marketing communication campaigns. His research interests include the study of communication campaigns as they relate to social issues and organizational legitimacy. Dr. De Blasio joined the Communication Department at Northern Kentucky University in 2004. His Ph.D. in communication is from Wayne State University. He received his M.A. from the Pennsylvania State University and his B.A. from William Paterson University. A past International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) board member and chapter president in Detroit, Greg has provided public relations and marketing communication counsel to clients based in Detroit and elsewhere.     

Whistleblowing and management accounting: An approach

In this paper, we consider the licensing of and codes of ethics that affect the accountant not in public accounting, the potential for an accountant not in public accounting encountering an ethical conflict situation, and the moral responsibility of such accountant when faced with an ethical dilemma. We review an approach suggested by the National Association of Accountants for dealing with an ethical conflict situation including that association's position on whistleblowing. We propose another approach based on the work of De George (1981), in which both internal and external whistleblowing are possible alternatives, for use by management accountants in an ethical conflict situation. Finally, we consider the implications of our analysis for management accounting. While most of the analysis centers on management accountants, we note the likely applicability of the analysis to accountants in the public sector. Dr. Stephen E. Loeb is Professor and Chairman of Accounting and the Ernst and Young Alumni Research Fellow at the University of Maryland at College Park. He is the author or co-author of a number of articles relating to accounting and ethics that have appeared in journals such as The Accounting Review, the Journal of Accounting Research, the Journal of Accountancy, and The Government Accountants Journal. Dr. Loeb is co-editor of the Journal of Accounting and Public Policy.Dr. Suzanne N. Cory is Associate Professor of Accounting at California State University, San Bernardino. A good deal of the work on this paper was done while Dr. Cory was a faculty member at The George Washington University.We are indebted to Lawrence A. Gorden, Allen G. Schick, Jere Francis, Lee Preston, Stanley W. Davis and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Any errors are our own.     

The impact of trust on business,international security and the quality of life

The theses supported in this essay are that the world is to some extent constructed by each of us, that it can and ought to be constructed in a more benign way, that such construction will require more trust than most people are currently willing to grant, and that most of us will be better off if most of us can manage to be more trusting in spite of our doubts. Alex Michalos is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Business Ethics, the Editor of Social Indicators Research and the author of 12 books and over 5 dozen articles. His five volume North American Social Report received the 1984 Canadian Secretary of State's Award for Excellence in Interdisciplinary Studies in the field of Canadian Studies. He is a Professor of Philosophy and Social Sciences at the University of Guelph, Ontario.Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the International Conference on Social Reporting at the Science Centre of Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, September 18–20, 1989 and at a luncheon meeting of the Centre for Ethics and Corporate Policy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, February 1989. I would like to thank the following people for helpful comments: Deborah C. Poff, Frank M. Andrews, Bruce Headey, Wolfgang Zapf, M. Harvey Brenner, Leo Groarke, Trudy Govier, Jean Smith and Shirley Farlinger.     

Public Policies on Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Governments in Europe

Over the last decade, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been defined first as a concept whereby companies decide voluntarily to contribute to a better society and cleaner environment and, second, as a process by which companies manage their relationship␣with stakeholders (European Commission, 2001. Nowadays, CSR has become a priority issue on governments’ agendas. This has changed governments’ capacity to act and impact on social and environmental issues in their relationship with companies, but has also affected the framework in which CSR public policies are designed: governments are incorporating multi-stakeholder strategies. This article analyzes the CSR public policies in European advanced democracies, and more specifically the EU-15 countries, and provides explanatory keys on how governments have understood, designed and implemented their CSR public policies. The analysis has entailed the classification of CSR public policies taking into consideration the actor to which the governments’ policies were addressed. This approach to the analysis of CSR public policies in the EU-15 countries leads us to observe coinciding lines of action among the different countries analyzed, which has enabled us to propose a ‹four ideal’ typology model for governmental action on CSR in Europe: Partnership, Business in the Community, Sustainability, and Citizenship, and Agora. The main contribution of this article is to propose an analytical framework to analyze CSR public policies, which provide a perspective on the relationships between governments, businesses, and civil society stakeholders, and enable us to incorporate the analysis of CSR public policies into a broader approach focused on social governance. Laura Albareda is currently a Research Fellow at the Institute for Social Innovation, ESADE, Universidad Ramon Llull-URL. She is principal researcher and manager of the Observatory on Socially Responsible Investment in Spain. Her areas of research and academic interest are Corporate Social Responsibility, Business Ethics, Global Governance and Public Authorites, Governments and Public Policies on Corporate Social Responsibility and Socially Responsible Investment. Josep M. Lozano is currently Professor & Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Innovation, ESADE Business School (URL). He is Co-founder of ética, Economía y Dirección (Spanish branch of the EBEN) and member of the editorial board of Ethical Perspectives and Society and Business Review. He was member of the Catalan Government’s Commission on Values, and is member of the Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Affairs’ Commission of Experts on CSR. He has been a highly commended runner-up in the European Faculty Pioneer Awards of the Beyond Grey Pinstripes and is author of Ethics and Organizations. Understanding Business Ethics as a Learning Process (Kluwer). Tamyko Ysa is an Assistant Professor of the Institute of Public Management, and the Department of Business Policy at ESADE. Her areas of interest are the management of partnerships and their impact on the creation of public value; the design, implementation and evaluation of public policies, and the relations between companies and governments. She is the Principal Researcher of the Research Group for Leadership and Innovation in Public Management (GLIGP). She is coauthor of Governments and Corporate Social Responsibility (Palgrave MacMillan).     

What Type of Regional Policy for Europe?

In promoting European regional development, policymakers tend to pursue either an offensive, future-oriented or a defensive, tradition-preserving type of policy. Backed by theoretical notions and case evidence from an “ordinary” region, i. e. the Italian island of Sardinia, the following paper argues that European regions could benefit more from a “connective” type of policy that aims to connect lobal trends with local traditions.

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This paper was prepared during Paul Benneworth’s visiting fellowship at the University of Twente. The authors wish to thank Henk Donkers, the Regione Sardegna and I&O-Research for input and comments and gratefully acknowledge BBT and IPP for their support.     

Internationalizing the business ethics curriculum: A survey

This article reports on a telephone survey of business school faculty in the United Kingdom, Asia and North America concerning efforts to internationalize the teaching of business ethics. International dimensions of business ethics are currently given only limited coverage in the business school curriculum with over half of the faculty surveyed indicating that less then 10% of their ethics teaching focuses on global issues. Teaching objectives vary widely with some faculty emphasizing a relativistic, diversity oriented perspective while others stress the universality of values. The respondents identified a great need to develop teaching materials based upon non-U.S. corporations and/or non-U.S. incidents.Christopher J. Cowton is University Lecturer in Management Studies at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Templeton College. An author on many facets of management, his previous paper in theJournal of Business Ethics was on corporate philanthropy in the United Kingdom. Current research interests include the implications of just-in-time production for accounting, and ethical (or socially responsible) investment.Thomas W. Dunfee is the Kolodny Professor of Social Responsibility at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He was President of the American Business Law Association 1989–1990, served as Editor-in-Chief of theAmerican Business Law Journal 1975–1977 and is a member of the Executive Committee of the Society for Business Ethics. He has published articles in theAcademy of Management Review, Business Ethics Quarterly, theBusiness and Professional Ethics Journal, and theJournal of Social Philosophy in addition to a variety of business and legal journals.     

The perceived legitimacy of managerial influence: A twenty-five year comparison

The study examines perceptions of managers, nonmanagerial employees, students, and union officers regarding the legitimacy of managerial influence over various subordinate behaviors and beliefs. The results indicate that: (1) perceived legitimacy has decreased since a comparable study by Schein and Ott in 1962, (2) perceived legitimacy is generally related to proximity to the managerial role, (3) there is a high degree of consensus on the relative legitimacy of influencing various behaviors and beliefs, and (4) only issues of direct relevance to work and task performance are currently perceived as legitimate areas for managerial influence. Theoretical, research, and managerial implications are discussed. Blake Ashforth is Assistant Professor of Management at Concordia University in Montreal. His research interests include the adjustment of newcomers to work, organizational socialization, and the dysfunctions of organizational structures and processes. His work has appeared in the Academy of Management Review, Human Relations, and Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.Raymond Lee is a doctoral candidate in Industrial/Organizational Psychology at Wayne State University in Detroit. His research interests include occupational stress and adjustment, work climate, and organizational socialization. His dissertation examines the antecedents and consequences of job burnout among supervisors in a large public welfare agency.The authors are indebted to Gary Johns and Ed Schein for their helpful comments on an earlier draft, and to Barrie Gibbs, Ed Schein, Hal Stack, and Susan Taylor for very kindly assisting in the collection of data at their respective campuses. The data were collected while the first author was at Wayne State University, Detroit. An earlier version of the paper was presented at the 1988 meeting of the Council on Employee Responsibilities and Rights in Virginia Beach, VA.     

A Theory of Regulatory Integration

Despite the significance of regulatory intervention in EU economies, there is little formal analysis of regulatory cooperation in the integration literature. The following paper attempts to fill this gap by developing a simple model that allows us to consider why member states would want to integrate their regulatory systems, to identify the potential costs and benefits, to shed light on the national features which may influence the determination of the common regulatory values and to analyse compliance issues that arise from the application of international agreements.

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The author is grateful to Adriaan Schout, Helen Oberg, Frank Talsma and an anonymous referee for comments on an earlier draft.     

The role of ethics in global corporate culture

Whatever ethnic, religious, or other cultural boundaries may have evolved through history, a global corporate culture is increasingly subsuming these traditional divisions. Multinational corporations, internationally linked securities markets, and omnipresent communication networks characterize this global corporate culture. The dynamics of corporate culture centres on the intricate web of contractual relations between stakeholders. This study addresses the question of how these stakeholder contracts can be most efficiently enforced. Three alternative contractual enforcement mechanisms are identified: the legal system, a generally accepted moral code, and stakeholders' desire to build and maintain reputations. Each alternative is critically evaluated and conclusions are drawn as to the relative feasibility and desirability of each enforcement mechanism. John Dobson is an Assistant Professor of Finance at The University of Mississippi. As a member of The Centre for Industrial Planning and Strategy (CIPS), he co-authored a study on the global man-made fibre industry. He has recently presented papers on reputation effects at the Southern Finance Association annual meeting, and has had articles and letters published in various academic journals including Business and Society and Financial Management. He is currently developing a curriculum for a course in Financial Contracting at the University of Mississippi. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1988 Southern Finance Association meetings in San Antonio.     

Bank of Japan versus Eurosystem

On 9 March 2006, the Bank of Japan announced a change in its monetary policy framework. It decided to terminate quantitative easing policy and intends to attach more importance to price stability. Because the new strategy shares similarities with the one used by the Eurosystem, the paper will use this point of comparison to examine the respective monetary policymaking institutions of Japan and the euro area. *This paper was written while Uwe Vollmer was staying at Kobe University as a visiting scholar. He wishes to thank Kobe University for the fi nancial support and generous hospitality he received during this visit. The authors would also like to thank Monika Bucher and Achim Hauck for their helpful remarks and James Lewelyn for his careful grammatical corrections of this paper.