流通理论在经济学中的回归:一个学说史的考察

国内一些学者一直致力于流通理论或流通经济学的构建,并取得了积极的进展,积累了宝贵的经验,但仍未能摆脱流通理论的贫困状态。对于如何构建流通理论,学界有不同的观点,尤其对于流通理论的一些基本问题依然存在争论。文章主要沿着古典经济学、新古典经济学、制度经济学和新兴古典经济学的发展脉络,探寻流通理论在经济学中的踪迹,以期对诸如流通理论的存在性、流通理论的研究对象或核心范畴、流通理论与新兴经济学派之间的关系等问题做进一步的探讨。     

Bernard Hodgson’s Trojan Horse Critique of Neoclassical Economics and the Second Phase of the Empiricist Level of Analysis

This article examines and assesses Bernard Hodgson’s critique of the Neoclassical concept of rationality and its place in the literature. It is argued that Hodgson’s Trojan horse critique is superior to the others because it addresses the role of empiricist epistemology in reducing reason to instrumental rationality and consequent disappearance of the human subject of political economy. The second phase of the empiricist level of analysis reintroduces the capacities for ethical deliberation, self-determination, and the socio-historical conditions and institutional setting of the economic agent. Because Hodgson’s solutions presuppose empiricist terrain, they are arbitrary. This occurs because the fundamental problem of Neoclassical rationality is its ontology. Yet by introducing the human subject into economic theory, Hodgson’s solutions move onto an ontological terrain adequate for economic analysis of human subjects.     

牛顿自然哲学观影响下的新古典经济学价值论

主流经济学的理论基础是新古典经济学价值论,研究和批判新古典经济学价值论是推进理论经济学创新的重要一环。不可否认,新古典经济学价值论以逻辑严密、解释力强而著称,而本文通过对八对理论范畴的比较研究,得出＂新古典经济学是以牛顿自然哲学观为理论参照系建立起来的＂结论。因此,从＂牛顿自然哲学观影响下的新古典经济学价值论＂角度出发,或许是一条推进经济学基础理论创新的可行路径。     

西方失业理论对解决我国大学生就业难问题的启示

西方主要的失业理论包括古典学派的自愿失业理论、凯恩斯学派的非自愿失业理论、新古典综合派的失业理论等。目前我国大学生存在就业难问题,主要原因有劳动力市场和教育体制之间未能有效衔接,以及社会福利和城乡差异等因素。当前在短期内存在大学生就业难的问题,与我国的经济发展阶段相适应。根据西方失业理论,得出解决大学生就业的几点有益启示：合理设置专业和课程,加大农村投入,重视政府在劳动就业中的作用及人力资本投资的重要性。     

完善李嘉图比较优势理论的新古典经济学分析

李嘉图比较优势理论的新古典经济学的现有几何图形分析存在着两个明显的不完善之处:一是在研究过剩供给时没有考虑到贸易之后各国实际国民收入的变化对国民需求变化的影响,从而使得现有分析对某些问题的解释不够清楚,在作几何图形时具有较大的随意性;二是在分析大国与小国之间的贸易时对有关问题解释得不清楚。本文在数理分析的基础上,指出了现有分析的这两个不完善之处,为完善李嘉图比较优势理论的新古典经济学分析补充了必要的内容,供广大学者在教学与研究当中参考。     

Reconciling Corporate Citizenship and Competitive Strategy: Insights from Economic Theory

Neoclassical and Austrian/evolutionary economic paradigms have different implications for integrating corporate social responsibility (corporate citizenship) and competitive strategy. Porter’s “Five Forces” model implicitly rests on neoclassical theory of the firm and is not easily reconciled with corporate social responsibility. Resource-based models of competitive strategy do not explicitly embrace a particular economic paradigm, but to the extent their conceptualization rests on neoclassical assumptions such as imperfect factor markets and profits as rents, these models also imply a trade-off between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Differences in Austrian/evolutionary economic model’s assumptions about equilibrium, profits, and other economic concepts allow this paradigm to embrace alternative views of strategy such as the activities or dynamic capabilities views. These alternative views of strategy focus on learning and adaptation; they align more easily with corporate social responsibility. In practice this alignment comes about because social engagement facilitates the learning and adaptation that are a source of competitive advantage. Among the many business arguments for CSR such as improved employee morale/productivity or brand differentiation, this view prioritizes innovation.     

Preference aggregation and repeat buying in households

Marketing researchers have long used brand switching analyses and Markov transition matrices to gain insights into managerial problems. Almost without exception, this work makes (inappropriate) inferences about individual consumers by analyzing household-level data. This paper presents a procedure based on the distribution of run lengths in household level panel data that allows more insights into the choice behavior of the individuals in the household. We test these procedures in a large simulation study by attempting to recover the underlying (known) structure of the process generating a string of panel data. Finally, we use the procedure to classify the purchase behavior, with respect to powdered soft drinks, of a set of households in a panel. Our results show that marketing scientists have the potential to learn and test more hypotheses about the individuals in a household by examining the distribution of run lengths.We gratefully acknowledge Professor Bari Harlam of the University of Rhode Island for providing the panel data.     

Multichannel customer purchase behavior and long tail effects in the fashion goods market

The fast-paced growth of e-commerce is impacting the type and variety of products consumers purchase across channels. A commonly held theory, known as long tail theory, posits that online sales are less concentrated at the top of the sales distribution than offline sales, and that more variety is bought online, making the tails of the overall sales distribution denser with the growth of e-commerce. Most of the literature testing the long tail theory has focused on examining entertainment goods markets that do not require much physical examination, and has predominantly found results consistent with the theory. However, the magnitude and antecedents of the observed long tail effects might be different for product categories containing products that require more physical examination before purchase, such as fashion goods. In this study, using detailed individual and transaction level panel data from two multichannel fashion goods retail brands, we show that while the shift to the online channel results in a decrease in the concentration of overall sales for both brands, this change mostly results from consumers buying different products online rather than consumers buying a greater variety online compared to offline. We show that the flattening of the overall sales distribution with the growth of e-commerce in our data is driven by consumers sorting their purchases into channels based on product characteristics. In contrast to the recommendations from the previous long tail literature, our results show that fashion apparel retailers do not need to offer broader assortments online compared to offline, but they may find it profitable to carry or emphasize a different product mix online compared to offline. Our results also provide guidance to fashion goods retailers in curating their online and offline assortments and setting inventory management strategies across the channels.     

Beschäftigungspolitik in Deutschland: Fine-Tuning statt Globalsteuerung

Until 2005 unemployment rates in Germany jumped after every recession to ever-higher levels. Neoclassical micro-economists interpreted this trend as market failure and consequently narrowed the debate to labour market policies intended to improve the assumed malfunctioning of labour markets. Macroeconomic relations were largely ignored or even negated, which also characterises the current approach of the federal German government towards European economic policy. This approach has contributed to high unemployment in the eurozone. The economic trends in the US show that monetary and fiscal policies that do not exclusively focus on low inflation but that also aim to improve growth and employment will be much more promising for Germany and Europe.     

A marginal-predictive approach to identifying household parameters

Estimation of household parameters in scanner panel data requires the introduction of prior information. Traditionally, prior information is incorporated by restricting parameters to be constant across households or by specifying a random coefficient distribution. An alternative solution is to incorporate stochastic prior information in a formal Bayesian approach. In standard Bayesian analysis, a prior distribution over the model parameters is specified and combined with the household likelihood to obtain the Bayes estimates. The construction of the prior distribution over model parameters may be difficult, especially when working with new models whose parameters are difficult to interpret. In this paper, we propose a solution which specifies prior information through the marginal distribution of the data, i.e., the outcomes. We evaluate this marginal-predictive approach, using both actual and simulated panel data, and show it to be highly accurate relative to other available alternatives.     

The effect of exclusive distribution on the sales of ready-made meals in online retail

This study examines the impact of exclusive distribution on sales for online retailers and the moderating effects of product assortment (width and depth) and within-category competitive intensity on this relationship. This study used panel data for 3285 ready-made meal products which are newly introduced from August 2018 to August 2021 at a leading online grocery retailer in Korea. The random-effects panel regression was applied to test the proposed model. The results show that exclusive distribution increases sales, and this effect is intensified with greater product depth and greater within-category competitive intensity. These findings provide useful implications for retailers to increase their likelihood of success when adopting an exclusive distribution strategy. This study also contributes to expanding the scope of the literature on the effect of exclusive distribution on sales in the context of online retail.     

Good governance,innovation, economic growth and the stock market turnover rate

This study is primarily aimed at testing the theory of good governance in the group of eight developing Islamic countries. Using a panel data regression model, we examined the data to determine the relationship between political economy and economic development of eight countries, for the period 2005 to 2014. The results show a significant positive correlation between the rule of law, corruption control with economic growth and stock market turnover rate proxy. The examination through an artificial neural network resulted in a higher determination coefficient and less average standard error. This, in turn, reveals that the fitting power and efficiency of this method is higher than the panel data regression model. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the application of good governance theory calls for more inquiry.     

教育及经济增长对收入分配的门槛效应研究

基于我国2001-2008年的省级面板数据,本文采用面板平滑转移模型,检验教育、经济增长对收入分配的门槛效应。研究发现我国教育、经济增长与收入分配之间存在门槛效应,应科学合理的认识我国教育不平等,以及经济增长对收入分配差距的影响。因此,政府要根据教育年限和经济增长的不同情况,因地制宜地采取有效措施,缩小收入分配差距。     

Detecting learning‐by‐exporting effects on firms' productivity distribution by accounting for heterogeneous macrofactors and panel attrition

This paper aims to verify the presence of the learning‐by‐exporting effect on total factor productivity growth. The study starts, as is typical in this context, by addressing the pre‐entry selection bias at firm level but differs from the literature by focusing on the distribution of the outcome and considering the presence of the different influences of macroeconomic factors on exporters and non‐exporters. Additionally, the paper addresses the panel attrition, a current source of estimation bias in longitudinal studies. The analysis is based on a panel of Italian manufacturing firms in the 1998–2007 period. We design an experiment by aligning and pooling cohorts of firms that allow us to obtain a sufficiently large group of firms entering the international market. Our results show that internationalisation affects firms' productivity and that the effect is heterogeneous over total factor productivity distribution and larger for the firms at the bottom section of the distribution itself. Furthermore, we observe that the learning‐by‐exporting effect may be confounded without (a) considering that domestic and exporter firms may afford heterogeneous demand cycles and (b) managing the dropout of some firms from the panel.     

The Epistemology of Humane Entrepreneurship: Theory and Proposal for Future Research Agenda

This paper proposes a new theory called Humane Entrepreneurship (HumEnt) and identifies areas for future development of knowledge. The new theory integrates in the Entrepreneurial Strategic Posture (ESP) three different concepts: Entrepreneurial Orientation, Sustainable Orientation, and Humane Resource Orientation. From this perspective, HumEnt theory can be considered an extension of previous research but with a new model for consideration. The components of the HumEnt theory and their relationships are outlined in an initial panel of propositions. HumEnt theory can help address the challenges present in creating a more sustainable world. Finally, a research agenda and questions are presented for future consideration.     

Contrasting the Drivers of Switching Intent and Switching Behavior in Contractual Service Settings

We examine consumer switching decisions in contractual service settings and contrast the drivers of actual switching with those of switching intent. We surveyed a panel of subscribers to all cell phone service providers in a market and recorded key marketing mix data. At four months intervals, we asked panel members about their switching intentions and then subsequently observed actual switching behavior. Consistent with construal level theory, our findings show that switching intent is explained by only a handful of desirability- or outcome-related variables (i.e., overall satisfaction, performance perceptions of important attributes, and monetary switching costs). In contrast, the results show that many more variable categories contributed to explain actual switching behavior. These findings confirm that switching intent is driven by a qualitatively different set of variables than switching behavior. Implications for theory, research and practice are discussed.     

地方公共物品供给对FDI影响的实证分析

以蒂布特模型的"用脚投票"理论为基础,利用中国30个省市1997～2005年的Panel Data建立Panel Data模型,实证分析各地区的地方公共物品供给对吸引FDI的影响,结果表明,地方公共物品的供给与FDI的吸引呈显著正相关,各地区公共物品供给差异是FDI区域分布差异的一个重要原因.     

沉没成本与中国加工环节国际转移的滞后性

跨国公司进入国际市场需要支付一定的进入成本,而这些成本往往是沉淀的。新古典经济学认为决策无需考虑沉没成本,但在现实经济条件下,沉没成本仍然显著影响着企业决策,特别是战略转移决策。近年来,随着中国劳动力成本、汇率的上升,中国加工环节的国际转移问题引起了国内外学者广泛的关注。本文在明确沉没成本概念的基础上,通过模型分析与实证分析证明沉没成本的存在使跨国公司的决策不会对外生波动做出及时反应,最终导致中国加工环节国际转移的滞后性,从新的角度解释了中国外贸加工业持续增长的原因。     

How Firm Strategies Impact Size of Partner‐Based Retail Networks: Evidence From Franchising

How do firms' partnering strategies impact the size of their partner‐based retail networks? We draw on agency theory to address this question in the context of franchising. Our econometric analyses (based on 9 years of longitudinal balanced panel data) include assessment of data nonstationarity and estimation of a dynamic panel data model that accounts for unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity. Our findings indicate that franchisee network size is driven more by franchisor strategies that mitigate agency costs than by strategies that simply lower entry and ongoing costs and barriers for franchisees.