两种节能政策工具的效率比较分析

在分析现有节能政策的基础上,以社会节能总成本的视角建立了命令-控制型政策和基于市场的可交易节能证书机制的数学模型。比较分析了两种节能政策的节能成本和效率,并给出一个算例,结果证明了在不考虑市场交易成本的条件下,可交易节能证书机制更能激励企业积极节能,实现全社会节能总成本最小化的目标。     

环境管制政策工具的演变与发展——基于外部性理论的视角

通过对外部性理论的发展以及环境管制政策工具的演变考察发现,环境管制政策工具演变实际上是随人们对外部性的认识深化而不断演进的。具体表现为：对外部性的认识经由私人、社会成本的背离→产权界定不清晰→交易费用过高等不断深化的认识过程;相应地环境政策工具经历政府命令-控制→政府征税手段→利用排污权交易等市场工具→自愿参与制度的演变过程。     

实现环境成本内在化的经济手段选择

环境问题的根源在于环境成本的外在化,因此,解决环境问题的关键在于如何通过适当的手段实现环境成本的内在化.目前解决外部性问题的经济手段主要有两种,即科斯手段和庇古手段.本文旨在讨论面对国际范围内的环境问题时,这两种手段在具体实施中会遇到哪些问题.文章针对这些问题,提出有效解决国际环境问题的措施.     

环境政策工具的发展演变

环境政策工具主要包括严厉的命令——控制工具和基于市场的经济激励工具两种类型。基于发达国家的实践,本文将环境政策工具的发展分为CAC工具占主导地位、更多采用基于市场的经济激励工具和绿色税收体制改革三个阶段。     

国际贸易中环境成本内在化问题

本文从贸易与环境的关系出发,指出自由贸易不是环境问题的成因,而是由于外部性造成的市场失灵,并分析比较了常用的环境内在化手段的利弊。     

财税工具促进民用建筑节能的对象选择

民用建筑节能领域是市场失灵的公益性领域．在市场经济下,基于市场机制的财税工具激励措施是推动民用建筑节能的有效途径。本文首先说明财税政策工具促进民用建筑节能的必要性．其次提出我国财税工具促进民用建筑节能方面存在问题．进而结合民用建筑节能不同相关利益主体的不同利益诉求．提出财税工具对民用建筑节能激励对象的选择。     

碳排放权交易的法学与经济学分析

碳排放权交易是基于环境资本和负外部性的市场机制创新的产物,它是建立在《京都议定书》基础上的经济手段,《京都议定书》是法律基础,外部性理论则是其建立的经济学基础。把环境外部成本内化成为经济主体的生产成本,产生的利益激励和效率弹性效果比行政手段更显著。     

论西部地区环境外部性控制策略

实施西部大开发,缩小地区发展差距是实现我国社会全面进步的必然要求。然而,由于自然和历史等原因,西部开发面临严峻的环境问题。为实现西部可持续发展和保障国家环境安全必须采取强有力措施,控制西部环境外部性。为将环境成本内在化,可把环境产权配置给确定的个人或组织。但产权方法往往由于谈判成本过高等原因而失效。因此,西部环境外部性的控制应更多地采取政府干预手段,尤其是对西部实行更多的环境倾斜政策。     

电荒拷问中国节能机制

<正> 在席卷神州的能源短缺面前,如今,一股节电节能的全国总动员正在以政府令的形式展开。 但为何全国各地都纷纷重新拾起多年不用的节约能源的老办法?这次席卷全国的能源短缺,肇始何处?如今,经济体制的转轨为中国当前的节能行动带来哪些挑战? 如何使政府倡导节能转化为微观主体的自觉行动,成为中国目前设计节能政策体系的关键;以倡导市场激励手段节能的节能自愿协议,能否从山东的试点走向全国?     

关、天经济区节能减排效应研究

关中—天水经济区协调发展成果显著,与此同时节能减排问题迫在眉睫。本文提出关天经济区通过产业结构调整实现节能减排路径:以技术创新为突破,以结构调整为载体,以政策激励为动力,全面实现关天经济区节能减排,并以此为基础提出政策建议。     

Trade policy, cross-border externalities and lobbies: do linked agreements enforce more cooperative outcomes?

We analyze whether linking international cooperation in trade policy to environmental policy (or other issues with nonpecuniary externalities) promotes more cooperation in both policies, or whether cooperation in one is strengthened at the expense of the other. In the context of self-enforcing agreements, we show that if the policies are independent in the government's objective function, then linkage promotes cooperation in one policy at the expense of the policy that is easier to enforce under no-linkage. However, if the linked policies are not independent and if these policies are strategic complements, then linkage can sustain more cooperation in both issues than no-linkage. The policies are strategic complements only if (i) the production externality has cross-border effects; (ii) the weight on the externality cost is high; (iii) import competing lobbies are not “powerful”.     

Overcoming the psychological barriers to energy conservation behaviour: The influence of objective and subjective environmental knowledge

Energy conservation is a crucial aspect of responsible consumption which is the reflection of individual efforts for sustainability. However, especially young consumers are reluctant to reduce their energy consumption despite their pro‐environmental attitudes. Resistance to behavioural change can be attributed to various psychological barriers that help consumer to avoid engaging in pro‐environmental actions. In this context, the first aim of the study is to extend the theoretical and empirical evidence regarding impeding effects of psychological barriers on individual energy conservation behaviour. Secondly, the study investigates the alleviating role of environmental knowledge on those barriers that limit energy conservation. Proposed impeding effects of objective and subjective environmental knowledge on various denial mechanisms, which are in turn expected to hinder energy conservation, were tested using the survey data collected from young Turkish consumers. Results suggest that denial mechanisms hinder young consumers’ energy conservation behaviour indirectly through diminishing feelings of moral obligations. Moreover, it was found that objective environmental knowledge's effect can be used to break down the psychological barriers and to facilitate the change towards more sustainable energy consumption patterns. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.     

节能监管的两种机制及其效率的比较分析

不对称性信息下如何诱导企业如实申报自身履行节能义务的状况,减少政府的监管成本,增加社会的福利,是节能监管机制设计的目标。从监管成本的视角出发,运用博弈论建立随机稽查机制和自行申报机制的数学模型,比较分析两种节能监管机制的成本和效率。结果表明,当执行成本无明显差距时,节能自行申报机制较随机稽查机制更能有效减少监管成本、社会成本和企业的稽查成本,提高执行效率。     

Dynamic Price Competition with Consumption Externalities

The dynamic price competition in a horizontally differentiated duopoly when consumers value previous market shares is analyzed. The conditions for the existence of stable Markov-Perfect Equilibrium (MPE) in linear strategies are established. When they exist, the optimal pricing policies suggest that a firm with a higher previous market share charges a higher price, all else equal. It is possible to observe pricing below cost for some periods. In the steady state, the MPE leads to a more competitive outcome (lower prices) than the case where there are no consumption externalities. The model can produce outcomes where the steady state is reached very slowly which provides an alternative explanation for slow emergence of competition when entrants face an established incumbent: It may be due to persistence in consumer tastes.     

从价规制与从量规制孰优孰劣？--基于可再生能源产业上网价格政策与配额制的比较研究

上网价格政策（ FIT）与配额制（ RPS）是可再生能源电力产业中最常见的两种规制方法。本文分别在两种规制手段下构建了一个两阶段的寡头博弈模型，并给出均衡解，再运用数值模拟的方法对两种规制手段效果进行比较。结果表明：在提高可再生能源产量（装机容量）以及激励基于成本节约的R＆D投入方面，上网价格政策要优于配额制；而在降低碳排放量以及提高消费者剩余方面，配额制规制手段要更胜一筹。但两种方式的社会总福利大小无法进行衡量，这取决于负外部性的大小。     

Modelling household conservation behaviour among ethnic consumers: the path from values to behaviours

This article tests a model that explains household conservation behaviour among ethnic consumers. Increasing immigration into Western countries has raised serious questions about the extent to which emerging ethnic communities contribute to environmental degradation or sustainability in their host countries. Previous research focused mainly on measuring ethnic consumers' environmental attitudes, worldviews and concerns, assuming that these ultimately lead to pro‐environmental behaviours. However, these studies overlooked the reality in which pro‐environmental attitudes are not automatically being translated into corresponding behaviours. This study explores the relationship between a set of factors that drive pro‐environmental behaviour, proposing a hierarchical model that depicts a flow from values to household conservation behaviours (i.e. recycling, water, electricity and energy conservation) and the intervening cognitive, affective and psychological variables. Results from a sample of 410 American Hispanic students indicate that the cultural value of collectivism influences conservation behaviour through the more specific factors of environmental values, environmental concern, perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) and concrete environmental knowledge. Interestingly, the influence of PCE was more apparent in routine, easy‐to‐perform behaviours such as water conservation and the behavioural aspect of electricity conservation. The influence of concrete environmental knowledge was more powerful in predicting recycling, the use of electricity‐efficient home appliances and energy conservation. Implications for the promotion of conservation behaviour and consumer education as well as directions for future research are discussed.     

Induced clean technology adoption and international trade with heterogeneous firms

This paper introduces an environmental externality and factor-biased technology adoption into a trade model with heterogeneous firms. This study explores how firms’ decisions of technology adoption and of exports are affected by openness to trade and the stringency of environmental regulations. It shows that: (1) these decisions induced by tightened environmental policies depend upon whether the upgraded technology is labor-biased or emission-biased; (2) the environmental impact of trade cost reductions on the aggregate emissions and price of emissions permits varies with the factor-biased feature; and (3) regardless of the factor-biased feature, the trade cost reduction induces firms to export and to upgrade the factor-biased technology, while it forces the least productive firms to exit the market. Moreover, the model is further calibrated to simulate policy scenarios of bilateral and unilateral variations in trade variable costs and environmental policies. The bilateral reduction of emissions cap may contribute to welfare gains in both home and foreign countries. The unilateral action of tightening environmental policy in the home country may hurt the home country, but makes the foreign country better off.     

The Energy Paradox Revisited: Analyzing the Role of Individual Differences and Framing Effects in Information Perception

In the ongoing debate about the “energy paradox”, a recent stream of literature highlights the importance of behavioural anomalies such as bounded rationality and self-control problems. However, the role of individual-level factors in explaining the energy paradox is still not fully understood. Combining literature on behavioural anomalies and consumer heterogeneity, the current paper analyses how individual differences influence the perception of energy-related information and susceptibility to choice-framing effects. A choice-based conjoint experiment about energy-saving home improvements was conducted with 363 homeowners in Switzerland. Results show that numeracy and energy literacy have no influence on how much attention individuals pay to energy cost savings. However, impulsivity and risk aversion are found to significantly impact homeowners’ weighting of future energy cost savings. Further, it is found that impulsive homeowners are significantly more susceptible to energy cost-framing effects. A key implication for consumer policy is that general educational programs targeted at enhancing citizens’ knowledge and cognitive abilities are unlikely to increase energy conservation investments. The findings further suggest that consumer policies and business models aimed at reducing impulsiveness and influencing risk perception might foster the uptake of energy-saving measures in the residential housing sector.     

Banks,Stock Market Development and Economic Growth in Kenya: An Empirical Investigation

In this paper, we have examined the impact of both bank- and market-based financial development on economic growth in Kenya during the period 1980 to 2012, using the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach. To capture as far as possible the breadth and depth of the Kenyan bank- and market-based financial systems, the study employs the method of means-removed average to construct both bank- and market-based financial development indices from an array of banking sector and stock market variables. The empirical results of this study show that market-based financial development has a positive impact on economic growth in Kenya. However, the results have also shown that bank-based financial development has no impact on economic growth in the study country. These results apply irrespective of whether the regression analysis is conducted in the long run or in the short run. The findings of this study, therefore, lend more support to pro-market-based financial development policies in Kenya.     

FAMILY LIFESTYLE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION: AN ENERGY ADAPTATION MODEL*

The premise of the paper is that family energy consumption is a consequence of family lifestyle. To facilitate the development of policies that allow families to make satisfactory lifestyle choices as energy resources decline, we explore in detail the relationship between family lifestyle and energy consumption. A model is developed to illustrate the decision making processes that link individual and family behaviour patterns with energy consumption. A series of propositions is derived from the model that relates family values, family effectiveness and family decision making to energy prices, energy conservation adoption, attitude formation and family lifestyle changes. The model can be used by public and private decision makers to identify research and consumer information programs that will facilitate adoption of more energy efficient lifestyles.