可转换债券定价的应用和实证分析

本文从二叉树模型入手,通过考虑赎回和回售各项条款,利用倒向法,比较各节点的数值,确定出求可转换债券价格的方法,并选取市场上六支可转债定价,表明其波动率、利率、漂移率等对我国可转换债券定价的影响.     

人民币对外汇期权定价问题探讨

为了对人民币对外汇期权产品正确定价和风险评估,本文研究几种代表性外汇期权定价模型对人民币外汇期权定价的效果,比较模型包括Garman-Kohlhagen模型、对数均匀分布的跳跃扩散模型和蒙特卡罗模拟方法。     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的结构性理财产品定价研究

随着结构性理财产品的推陈出新,其设计也呈现出日趋复杂化,因此需要采用一种理想和精准的方法为其定价。本文基于当今流行的蒙特卡罗模拟方法为具有复杂设计条款的结构性理财产品进行理论分析和实证研究以展示蒙特卡罗模拟技术在结构性理财产品定价分析中的应用。     

国内上市公司可转换债券定价实证分析

本文考虑了可转换债券隐含的转股、赎回、回售等条款,借鉴二叉树模型和Black-Scholes公式对沪深市19只转债进行实证研究,发现目前国内可转债存在不同程度的低估并分析原因。     

通货膨胀背景下的金融衍生产品创新

通货膨胀背景下,在金融衍生品市场开发通货膨胀指数型衍生证券,成为规避通货膨胀风险,保护资产价值的一种方法.本文主要通过分析金融产品创新的背景和意义,对通货膨胀指数型衍生证券定价进行理论探索,并利用蒙特卡罗模拟方法改进技术,对通货膨胀指数型欧式看涨期权进行定价分析.最终得出结论:开发通货膨胀指数型衍生证券对于规避通货膨胀风险有一定的作用,基于产品本身的复杂性,利用蒙特卡罗模拟技术为产品定价在理论上有很大的可行性,且利用蒙特卡罗模拟方法改进技术--带beta系数的控制变量技术,无论在模拟时间还是收敛性方法都效果良好.     

存贷款利率隐含期权定价的蒙特卡罗模拟及其改进

银行存贷款合约隐含的可提前偿还条件具有很强的期权性,用期权定价方法对其进行研究分析是一个重要的手段。本文首先在隐含期权标的利率特性分析的基础上,建立了符合利率运动规律的跳跃扩散模型;其次用期权定价的蒙特卡罗模拟方法对包含在可提前偿付存贷款合约中的隐含期权问题进行研究;最后引进对偶变量方差减少技术,并以实证数据说明了其有效性。研究结论认为,基于诸如对偶变量等方差减少技术的蒙特卡罗模拟改进方法是解决银行存贷款隐含期权定价问题的一种有效途径。     

专利实物期权定价的蒙特卡罗模拟方法及其改进技术

专利作为现代企业重要的无形资产,对企业募集发展资金、扩大收益回流、形成竞争优势发挥着巨大的作用,因此专利定价问题也成为现代企业管理决策中的重要内容.本文基于专利的实物期权特征,运用蒙特卡罗模拟方法对专利的实物期权定价问题进行研究与探讨.首先,分析探讨专利投资项目的决策过程及其实物期权特征;在此基础上,建立专利定价的实物期权蒙特卡罗模拟模型,并引入对偶变量技术用以提高蒙特卡罗模拟的效率;最后,以生物医药企业专利定价为例进行实证模拟.研究结论认为,引入适当方差减少技术的蒙特卡罗模拟则成为专利实物期权定价的一种有效的分析方法.     

可转换债券最小方差蒙特卡罗模拟定价改进方法的分析和研究

由于可转换债券隐含期权具有的强路径依赖结构和它所承受的多种风险,蒙特卡罗模拟方法对它的定价具备一定优越性,其中,最小方差蒙特卡罗方法(LSM)又因为其简单性而受到重视。然而,面对近年来其他定价方法不断改进的挑战,可转换债券的LSM定价方法也有改进的必要。本文首先分析和评述了Rasmussen等针对美式期权LSM定价方法的改进,受到它们的启发,尝试对可转换债券LSM定价方法进行改良。实证结论显示,将Rasmussen式控制变量结合到可转换债券的LSM定价方法中,可以有效地减少其模拟方差。     

分离交易可转债的蒙特卡罗模拟定价

2006年5月8日起正式实施的《上市公司证券发行管理办法》中提出分离交易的可转换公司债券概念。中国市场上有十几只分离交易可转债在上市交易。本文运用蒙特卡罗模拟方法对分离交易可转债进行的了定价,比较模拟的理论价值和市场价值的走势。     

我国可转债定价模型探讨

由于我国转债都附设转股向下修正预案,当正股股价大幅下跌并将触发回售条款时,发行人及其大股东有较大的动力修正转股价,避免持有人回售.这一特征使得国外一些比较成熟的转债定价模型很难给我国的转债进行精确定价.文章在详细论证转股权是欧式期权、转债发行不影响股价表现及波动的基础上,综合考虑了影响可转债定价的各种因素,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法给我国的转债定价.实证分析的结果表明,在考虑修正预期的前提下,我国的转债有较大幅度的低估.     

二叉树方法在风险投资决策中的应用

在过去的20年中,许多学者开始应用期权定价方法去估计实物资产价值,并在此基础上对公司的最优投资决策进行了大量研究。利用二叉树方法,通过对一个欧式期权与一个美式期权构成的复合期权进行定价,完成对风险投资问题的估价。主要有两个方面的内容:用实例说明怎样用二叉树方法对投资期权进行估价;把从期权模型获得的价值与用净现值方法得到的价值相关联,从而获得风险投资的最终的价值。     

Valuation of IT Investments Using Real Options Theory

Real Options Theory is often applied to the valuation of IT investments. The application of Real Options Theory is generally accompanied by a monetary valuation of real options through option pricing models which in turn are based on restrictive assumptions and thus subject to criticism. Therefore, this paper analyzes the application of option pricing models to the valuation of IT investments. A structured literature review reveals the types of IT investments which are valued with Real Options Theory in scientific literature. These types of IT investments are further investigated and their main characteristics are compared to the restrictive assumptions of traditional option pricing models. This analysis serves as a basis for further discussion on how the identified papers address these assumptions. The results show that a lot of papers do not account for critical assumptions, although it is known that the assumptions are not fulfilled. Moreover, the type of IT investment determines the criticality of the assumptions. Additionally, several extensions or adaptions of traditional option pricing models can be found which provide the possibility to relax critical assumptions. Researchers can profit from the results derived in this paper in two ways: First, it is demonstrated which assumptions can be critical for various types of IT investments. Second, extensions of option pricing models that relax critical assumptions are introduced.     

Derivatives pricing with liquidity risk

This paper develops a novel, general derivative pricing model which introduces a liquidity risk factor. The model variants we outline offer a sufficient degree of flexibility so as to enable the valuation of various types of derivative classes including futures, American options, and mortgage backed security options, whereas existing derivative models can only price liquidity risk in European derivatives. We validate the model with oil and gold futures data and compare it to a classical benchmark model void of any liquidity risk. We find that our model is significantly more accurate than the classical model for pricing both oil and gold contracts.     

PRICING COUPON-BOND OPTIONS AND SWAPTIONS IN AFFINE TERM STRUCTURE MODELS

This paper provides a numerically accurate and computationally fast approximation to the prices of European options on coupon-bearing instruments that is applicable to the entire family of affine term structure models. Exploiting the typical shapes of the conditional distributions of the risk factors in affine diffusions, we show that one can reliably compute the relevant probabilities needed for pricing options on coupon-bearing instruments by the same Fourier inversion methods used in the pricing of options on zero-coupon bonds. We apply our theoretical results to the pricing of options on coupon bonds and swaptions, and the calculation of "expected exposures" on swap books. As an empirical illustration, we compute the expected exposures implied by several affine term structure models fit to historical swap yields.     

Pricing foreign equity options under Lévy processes

This article investigates the valuation of a foreign equity option whose value depends on the exchange rate and foreign equity prices. Assuming that these underlying price processes are correlated and driven by a multidimensional Lèvy process, a method suitable for solving the complex valuation problem is developed. First, to reduce the number of dimensions of the problem, the probability measure is changed to embed some dimensions of the Lèvy process into the pricing measure. Second, to simplify the integral complexity of the discounted terminal payoff, the valuation problem is transformed to Fourier space. The main contribution of this study is that by combining these two methods, the multivariate valuation problem is significantly simplified, and very accurate results are obtained relatively quickly. This powerful method can also be applied to other multivariate pricing problems involving Lèvy processes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 25:917–944, 2005     

The market value for product attribute improvements under price personalization

Personalization of the marketing mix is a topic of much interest to marketing academics and practitioners. Using discrete choice demand theory, we investigate the aggregate market value for product attribute improvements when firms are engaged in personalized pricing. Our results provide a theoretically grounded rule for how to aggregate consumer valuations to assess the overall profitability of attribute improvements under price personalization. Under common pricing, each consumer contributes the same margin. Profitability of an attribute improvement is thus driven by inducing more consumers to buy. Consumers with high choice probabilities are given less weight in the market valuation under common pricing as they are less responsive to attribute improvements. Under personalized pricing, profitability of an attribute improvement is driven by extraction of consumer surplus from high valuation consumers. Consumers with higher valuations, and consequently higher choice probabilities, are given more weight in the market valuation under personalized pricing. Since individual consumers play a more central role in the market valuation under personalized pricing, estimation of consumer-level valuations is of increased importance. Under common pricing, the market valuation for an attribute improvement is robust to extreme estimates of the consumer-level valuations. Through our theoretical and empirical analyses, we demonstrate that this robustness does not hold under personalized pricing.     

The pricing of foreign currency options under jump‐diffusion processes

In this article, the authors derive explicit formulas for European foreign exchange (FX) call and put option values when the exchange rate dynamics are governed by jump‐diffusion processes. The authors use a simple general equilibrium international asset pricing model with continuous trading and frictionless international capital markets. The domestic and foreign price level are introduced as state variables that contain jumps caused by monetary shocks and catastrophic events such as 9/11 or Hurricane Katrina. The domestic and foreign interest rates are stochastic and endogenously determined in the model and are shown to be critically affected by the jump risk of the foreign exchange. The model shows that the behavior of FX options is affected through the impact of state variables and parameters on the nominal interest rates. The model contrasts with those of M. Garman and S. Kohlhagen (1983) and O. Grabbe (1983), whose models have exogenously determined interest rates. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 27:669–695, 2007     

American option valuation: Implied calibration of GARCH pricing models

This study analyzes the issue of American option valuation when the underlying exhibits a GARCH‐type volatility process. We propose the usage of Rubinstein's Edgeworth binomial tree (EBT) in contrast to simulation‐based methods being considered in previous studies. The EBT‐based valuation approach makes an implied calibration of the pricing model feasible. By empirically analyzing the pricing performance of American index and equity options, we illustrate the superiority of the proposed approach. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark     

金融衍生证券的人工神经网络定价方法研究进展评述

近些年来,金融衍生证券的人工神经网络定价方法已经得到学术研究领域的高度关注和实际问题中的广泛应用。本文主要对国内外在这一研究领域所开展的主要工作及成果进行分析与评述;在此基础上,提出该研究领域的进一步研究方向。结论认为,非参数化的神经网络方法将成为解决金融衍生证券定价问题的重要途径;充分融合参数化定价方法的有用信息,将成为未来该领域研究的重要思路与方式。     

Canonical Distribution,Implied Binomial Tree,and the Pricing of American Options

In this study, a new approach to pricing American options is proposed and termed the canonical implied binomial (CIB) tree method. CIB takes advantage of both canonical valuation (Stutzer, 1996) and the implied binomial tree method (Rubinstein, 1994). Using simulated returns from geometric Brownian motions (GBM), CIB produced very similar prices for calls and European puts as those of Black–Scholes (BS). Applied to a set of over 15,000 American‐style S&P 100 Index puts, CIB outperformed BS with historic volatility in pricing out‐of‐the‐money options; in addition, it outperformed the canonical least‐squares Monte Carlo (Liu, 2010) in the dynamic hedging of in‐the‐money options. Furthermore, CIB suggests that regular GBM‐based Monte Carlo can be extended to American options pricing by also utilizing the implied binomial tree. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark