跨国公司:引领CSR标准化——“全球标准与跨国公司企业社会责任”分论坛

在全球社会责任呈标准化发展趋势的背景下,跨国公司作为全球标准的重要参与者、践行者以及推动者,正确看待社会责任标准,规范、创新地应用社会责任标准已然成为他们探索可持续发展的重要路径。在全球社会责任呈标准化发展趋势的背景下,作为全球标准的重要参与者、践行者以及推动者,跨国公司应当如何看待与应用社会责任标准,探索一条符合可持续发展需求的社会责任之路?2013年6月5日,第八届金蜜蜂企业社会责任国际论坛"全球标准与跨国公司企业社会责任"分论坛就此话题进行了探讨。主动参与制定标准全     

又见跨国蜜蜂

如今,多数跨国公司既是社会责任全球先进理念的示范者,也是中国企业社会责任的积极推动者。从这个意义上看,这比他们带来的资金、技术和管理经验更具深远的影响和启示意义。2007年,本刊曾以《跨国蜜蜂》为题,报道了巴斯夫在供应链"1+3"项目的举措。本刊副社长殷格非这样评价道:巴斯夫的蜜蜂角色,超越简单的审核和认证,在发展中国家的供应商和客户之间首先承担起模范的责任来。跨国公司成为全球供应链     

经济全球化背景下跨国公司的新特征

早期跨国公司在发展中国家内部实行垂直一体化投资的战略,随着经济全球化和知识经济时代的到来,现在被置于全球经济整体范围下重新建立战略体系,形成金球垂直一体化战略。近来,跨国公司对发展中国家积极投资、建立研究发展机构,正成为全球垂直一体化战略的组成部分或延伸。而跨国公司总部人数比例的持续增加,表明了跨国公司在公司价值创造的观念上已经发生新的改变。     

跨国公司的社会责任:理论基础及其对我国的影响分析

欧美国家的消费者出于道德价值的动机,对跨国公司把劳动密集、污染环境以及危害健康的生产线转移到落后的发展中国家的现象日益重视。因此,在西方引发了跨国公司的社会责任运动。虽然跨国公司社会责任运动有助于中国企业开展对外贸易、吸引外资和保护员工的合法权益,但是也要防范跨国公司社会责任所产生的负面影响,为使跨国公司的社会责任“为我所用”必须要提高企业竞争优势,趋利避害。     

在华跨国公司跨文化营销策略研究

跨文化营销已成为国际化经营管理中的重要课题,要求在不同形态的文化氛围中,设计出切实可行的组织机构和管理机制,从而最大化地提高企业的跨文化营销能力。跨国公司在跨国经营的过程中,特别是在经济全球化的进程中,到底应该采用全球标准化战略还是因地制宜实施本土化战略,一直以来都是国际市场营销理论研究和应用过程中争论的问题。本文通过对在华跨国公司跨文化环境的分析,研究其如何实施市场营销策略,得出在华跨国公司的营销活动应以其全球市场营销战略与中国文化的结合为基础,以此适应中国市场的文化,吸引消费者,建立消费者的忠诚度和满意度。     

西方跨国公司的新动向与我们的对策

跨国公司经营战略的转变，产业资本和金融资本的紧密结合，无国籍公司的出现，代表着西方跨国公司的最新发展趋势。跨国公司的新发展对海外直接投资、国际资本市场、国际税收、国际技术方面产生了巨大的效应。并对发展中国家产生不利的影响。中国作为发展中国家，在跨国经营导致全球经济一体化潮流面前，要抓住机遇，深入改革，扩大开放，必将赶超世界经济和科技的发展。     

服务性企业社会责任与顾客忠诚影响机制研究

在社会认同理论的基础上,通过建立服务业企业社会责任与顾客忠诚的关系模型,研究发现企业社会责任对服务评价、消费者认同感有正面效应,服务评价、消费者认同感对顾客忠诚有正面效应,企业社会责任对顾客忠诚没有直接的作用,但通过服务评价、消费者认同感对顾客忠诚产生间接影响。     

企业社会责任与员工组织认同感研究综述

企业社会责任问题与员工组织认同问题在当今社会己日益凸显,人们对这两个领域的研究也越来越关注。企业社会责任与企业绩效关系的复杂性,使得许多学者将研究转向企业社会责任对企业某一利益相关者的行为影响之上。在这一领域的研究当中,学者们大都以消费者为研究对象,而相应的企业社会责任对员工的行为影响研究则还相对缺乏。本文针对企业社会责任与组织认同问题进行研究综述并进行总结。     

企业社会责任与消费者行为意向

基于消费者行为意向的分析框架,分析了企业社会责任对消费者行为意向的影响,研究发现企业在消费者责任方面的表现对消费者的忠诚度影响最大:在通常情况下,消费者关注企业提供产品或服务的直接责任;从长远看,消费者更喜欢承担社会责任好的企业,尤其是受教育程度高和收入高的消费者,对承担企业社会责任好的企业能获得消费者更多的支付溢价,品牌转换率低。因此,企业应该积极主动地承担起社会责任,通过增强消费者对企业的认同和良好的公众形象去创造竞争优势,构筑企业的核心竞争能力。     

社会责任是企业持久竞争力的源泉

当今西方社会对企业社会责任日益重视,美国安然事件和一系列的公司丑闻,更使这一问题成为全球关注的焦点。目前国际上普遍认同企业社会责任是:企业在创造利润、对股东利益负责的同时,还要承担对员工、对顾客和环境等利益相关者的社会责任。对中国企业而言,企业社会责任的缺失给企业带来的压力不仅仅是社会舆论压力,还有来自全球供应链的压力,相关的社会责任标准已通过跨国公司的商品     

在华跨国企业社会责任变动趋势及影响因素研究

通过对在我国内地经营的大型跨国企业进行问卷调查,获取跨国企业在我国的社会责任数据,从而对在华大型跨国企业社会责任的变动趋势进行分析,结果显示跨国企业在我国的社会责任履行情况基本呈现出向好的趋势,但跨国企业的社会责任履行情况受经济波动和企业经营业绩的影响明显,而企业的规模、国别和行业因素均对跨国企业的不同维度的社会责任履行情况产生一定的影响。     

The Multinational Corporation and Global Governance: Modelling Global Public Policy Networks

Globalization has increased the economic power of the multinational corporation (MNC), engendering calls for greater corporate social responsibility (CSR) from these companies. However, the current mechanisms of global governance are inadequate to codify and enforce recognized CSR standards. One method by which companies can impact positively on global governance is through the mechanism of Global Public Policy Networks (GPPN). These networks build on the individual strength of MNCs, domestic governments, and non-governmental organizations to create expected standards of behaviour in such areas as labour rights, environmental standards, and working conditions. This article models GPPN in the issue area of CSR. The potential benefits of GPPN include better overall coordination among industry and government in establishing what social expectations the modern MNC will be expected to fill. David Detomasi is an assistant professor of international business at the School of Business, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario Canada. His research areas include corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, and business and society.     

Visualizing CSR: A visual framing analysis of US multinational companies

The aim of this research study is to investigate how different levels of corporate social responsibility are visually framed through corporate publications used in marketing communications. Photographs used as visual marketing communication tools in the annual and sustainability reports of top American multinational companies that practice and promote measures of corporate social responsibility were analyzed. Findings indicate the corporations overall emphasize environmental sustainability efforts and visually communicate their practices through depictions of employees while other social responsibility efforts are often communicated through depictions of consumers. A discussion on the patterns of visual frames that communicate corporate social responsibility and the impact of visuals on organizational identity, brand image, and reputation are offered.     

Mining, Corporate Social Responsibility and the "Community": The Case of Rio Tinto, Richards Bay Minerals and the Mbonambi

Mining companies have long had a questionable reputation for social responsibility, especially in developing countries. In recent years, mining companies operating in developing countries have come under increased pressure as opponents have placed them under greater public scrutiny. Mining companies have responded by developing global corporate social responsibility strategies as part of their larger global business strategies. In these strategies, a prominent place is given to their relationship with local communities. For business ethics, one basic issue is whether such an approach to corporate responsibility is likely to effectively address the development concerns of local communities in developing countries. This paper addresses this question by investigating how the corporate social responsibility agenda of a major minor company has been implemented by one of its subsidiaries in South Africa.     

Political and Economic Arguments for Corporate Social Responsibility: Analysis and a Proposition Regarding the CSR Agenda

Different perspectives on corporate social responsibility (CSR) exist, each with their own agenda. Some emphasise management responsibilities towards stakeholders, others argue that companies should actively contribute to social goals, and yet others reject a social responsibility of business beyond legal compliance. In addition, CSR initiatives relate to different issues, such as labour standards and corruption. This article analyses what types of CSR initiatives are supported by political and economic arguments. The distinction between different CSR perspectives and CSR issues on the one hand and between political and economic arguments on the other could help to advance the debate on the justification and welfare impact of CSR. It is argued that ordinary boundary conditions for business behaviour in a market economy provide support for some, but not all, CSR initiatives. This has implications for policy priorities. Building on the analysis, it is proposed that more attention should be paid to the behaviour of large multinational enterprises in their normal business operations and to CSR issues with a potentially large impact on market functioning.     

中国纺织外贸企业履行社会责任与企业绩效的关系——基于 20家上市公司的面板数据分析

企业履行社会责任与企业绩效的关系一直是社会责任实践和理论研究中的热点问题。纺织行业作为典型的劳动力密集型行业,社会责任问题随着全球社会责任运动备受关注。本文以利益相关者理论为理论基础,以中国20家纺织业上市公司2001～2010年的数据为样本,利用实证的方法,从财务角度分析企业履行社会责任对企业经济效益的影响。从整体分析看,履行对各利益相关者的责任与企业绩效呈现较强的正相关性。     

A coordination mechanism through relational contract in a two-echelon supply chain

To promote social responsibilities of transnational corporation within the present world where such necessary corporation is seriously missing, this paper explores issues of decision-making and coordination of such a two-echelon supply chain that consists of a contract supplier and a dominant manufacturer. Considering the main reasons behind the lack of social responsibilities of multinational corporations, this work develops a model with punishment. Based on this model, we obtain the optimal decision for the supply-chain members under either decentralized decision-making or centralized decision-making. And we analyze whether the penalty rate will have an impact on the input of corporate social responsibility and how it will affect the self-interests of supply chain members. Ultimately, by exploring the decision variables of companies that practice stronger corporate social responsibility, we compare and analyze our models to draw several interesting and practically useful conclusions.     

Unpacking transnational corporate responsibility: coordination mechanisms and orientations

This article aims to advance the discussion of how multinational companies manage the tension between global integration and local responsiveness in their corporate social responsibility (CSR). In particular, it studies the relationships between headquarters and subsidiaries in a transnational CSR strategy and the types of coordination mechanisms used. Building on a qualitative study of a multinational bank, we find that in addition to formal and informal coordination mechanisms, a transnational CSR strategy cannot be fully understood without considering lateral learning and participatory decision making. Further, we suggest that discussions about the transnational approach to CSR should not be disentangled from the question about a company's CSR orientation. Finally, we propose some characteristics of transnational CSR and discuss its theoretical and practical implications.     

“Minding Our Business”: What the United States Government has done and can do to Ensure that U.S. Multinationals Act Responsibly in Foreign Markets

The United States Government does not mandate that US based firms follow US social and environmental law in foreign markets. However, because many developing countries do not have strong human rights, labor, and environmental laws, many multinationals have adopted voluntary corporate responsibility initiatives to self-regulate their overseas social and environmental practices. This article argues that voluntary actions, while important, are insufficient to address the magnitude of problems companies confront as they operate in developing countries where governance is often inadequate. The United States can do more to ensure that its multinationals act responsibly everywhere they operate. First, policymakers should define the social and environmental responsibilities of global companies. They must consistently make their expectations for global business clear – and underscore that this objective can often be accomplished without mandates. Second, the US should closely examine the policies that undermine global Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and address the many conflicting signals sent by policymakers. Third, the President should make the US government a CSR model by examining how to use its purchasing power to promote human rights. Finally, the US government should require pension funds to report on the social and environmental consequences of their investments. In these ways, Americans can mind our business – and thus make sure that US based firms do not undermine social and environmental progress when they operate in the developing world. Susan Aaronson is Senior Fellow and Director of Globalization Studies at the Kenan Institute Washington Center, an arm of the Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill. Her scholarly research focuses on international investment and social responsibility issues. Aaronson devised and directed a study, funded by the Ford, UN and Levi Strauss Foundations, that examined how U.S. public policies can promote or undermine global corporate social responsibility. She is now beginning a Levi-Strauss funded project on trade and human rights. Aaronson is a frequent speaker on public understanding of globalization issues and the author of four books on globalization including, Taking Trade to the Streets: The Lost History of Public Efforts to Shape Globalization (Michigan: 2001).     

Do you punish or forgive socially responsible companies? A cross-country analysis of boycott campaigns

This study empirically investigates how companies' social contribution affects boycott intention by considering the role of brand strength. We use a dataset from two politically and historically conflicting countries, South Korea and Japan, at two points in time. A structural equation model is employed to test the hypotheses. Our findings reveal the pivotal role of companies’ social contribution in mitigating boycott intention through enhanced brand strength. The results, which are unexpected, show that the direct and negative link of social contribution to boycott intention is stronger for South Korea than for Japan. By elaborating the mediating role of brand strength, this study contributes to the literature by examining the differential impacts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices on consumer boycotts in the context of a cross-country difference. Additionally, one managerial implication of this study is that global companies should appropriately respond to public expectations of being socially responsible actors while associating CSR practices with brand strength through creative communications.