The effect of border barriers to services trade on goods trade

This paper has two objectives (a) to introduce border policy-induced barriers (PIBs) to services trade and (b) analyse the impact of border PIBs in services sectors on goods trade. The World Input-Output Database covering 43 countries is used over the period 2000–14. A three-stage analysis is employed. The measures of bilateral services trade barriers calculated in each services sector in the first stage are decomposed into its cultural/geographic and policy-induced parts in the second stage. Border PIBs to services trade are used in the structural gravity estimations of bilateral goods trade in the final stage. The results demonstrate significant and robust adverse effects of barriers to services trade on goods trade. When the level of development is taken into consideration, there are marked differences in the impact of these barriers on goods trade.     

Trade facilitation and the extensive margin

The literature on trade facilitation has mostly focused on implications for trade volumes. However, recent theoretical contributions have emphasized that trade costs – such as transaction costs related to cross-border trade procedures – affect both the traded volumes of ‘old’ goods (the intensive margin) and the range of traded goods (the extensive margin). This article therefore tests whether trade facilitation affects the extensive margin by counting the number of 8-digit products that are exported from developing to EU countries, and using this as the dependent variable in an estimation. Moreover, it also tests whether the extensive margins in differentiated and homogeneous goods are affected in the same way by transaction costs. Estimation results suggest that if export transaction costs – proxied by the number of days needed to export a good – declined by 1%, the number of exported differentiated and homogeneous products would rise by 0.6% and 0.3%, respectively. Policy simulations further illustrate that if all countries were as efficient at the border as the most efficient country at the same level of development, the number of exported differentiated and homogeneous products would increase by 62% and 26%, respectively.     

中美农产品贸易收益核算及贸易摩擦的影响分析

在全球生产分割的背景下,海关统计数据由于包含大量重复计算的成分,并不能真实反映一国某部门的贸易收益情况。文章通过构建跨国投入产出模型,定义增加值出口为衡量双边贸易收益的指标,从增加值出口变化趋势、行业分布情况及贸易收益的实现方式,分别剖析2000~2014年中美两国农产品各部门的增加值出口情况。发现中美农产品双边贸易的盈余方实为中国,农产品行业的大量增加值隐藏在本国的其他部门中出口。中国市场对美国农业经济的拉动作用在提升,两国农产品行业实现收益的方式不同,中国越来越趋向于附加值含量低的粗加工中间品出口。两国农产品贸易关系紧密,对第三国市场的依赖不断下降,中美贸易摩擦对两国农产品行业的收益都将造成较大的冲击。     

中国与发达国家生产者服务业产业内贸易比较研究——基于货物贸易、服务贸易的视角分析

随着国际贸易的纵深发展,当今社会贸易种类已由传统的货物贸易向现代服务贸易转变,生产者服务业作为服务贸易中最核心、附加价值最高的组成部分在后工业经济时代发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文采用中国与有代表性的发达国家美、日、德、法、意经济体间生产者服务部门产业内贸易比较测度,揭示出当今中国在急需产业转型、效益提升的关键时期与发达国家间生产者服务业产业内贸易的现状与问题。同时,文中应用我国与发达国家间生产者服务业产业内贸易受约因素的面板数据分析,发现2000-2005年间,中美、中德、中意专利产业内贸易不存在,仅有产业间贸易,说明我国与发达国家间专利技术方面的差距所在。基于文中的研究提出我国要大力提升专利业发展、继续巩固货物贸易比较优势,提高科研、提升人力资本和加强环保,这将对我国与发达国家间生产者服务业产业内贸易增长发挥促进作用。     

贸易自由化福利收益模型和我国服务贸易发展的现实选择

通过构建福利收益模型,将服务贸易自由化和货物贸易自由化的收益进行比较,可得出如下结论:服务贸易自由化比货物贸易自由化的收益大。以发展服务贸易为主,实现服务贸易的自由化是贸易自由化发展的高级阶段,但我国目前的服务贸易发展水平还不具备这种条件。针对我国服务贸易及服务业中存在的问题,本文为提高服务贸易竞争力、促进服务贸易自由化提出了相应的政策建议。     

扩展边境效应模型的鲁棒性检验研究——基于中美港口航运贸易数据

在边境效应引力模型理论和实证研究的基础上,构建考虑贸易方向、适用于港口进出口航运贸易的边境效应引力模型的扩展模型,基于2005～2009年中美港口数据采用六种方法对构建的扩展模型进行鲁棒性检验和非线性检验。结果发现:构建的扩展模型是一个较优的模型,进出口港口的经济总量、吞吐量和两个港口之间的经济距离是影响双边航运贸易量的关键因素;距离的计算方法会造成边境效应的高估或低估;国家的有形边境会造成无形的贸易障碍,并在进出口两个方向上对贸易的阻碍程度是不对称的,但都显著存在。     

贸易便利化视角下的知识产权边境执法——兼对《反假冒贸易协定》的评论

若干发达国家于2010年10月正式公布了此前一直秘密谈判的《反假冒贸易协定》,旨在进一步加强知识产权的执法体系。于此同时,随着关税壁垒的大幅削减以及各国对国际货物贸易增长的进一步需求,贸易便利化成为各级贸易规则谈判的重要议题。在这样的背景下,贸易便利化与知识产权边境执法之间的相互关系和相互影响问题日渐凸显。本文尝试从贸易便利化的视角来考察知识产权边境执法体系,在概述了《反假冒贸易协定》的边境执法规则后,进一步分析了这套规则对贸易便利化的影响。在此基础上,本文着重讨论了中国应如何在促进贸易便利化和保护知识产权的双向维度下确立恰当的知识产权边境执法体系,并提出了具体的建议。     

东盟贸易便利化对中国制造业产品出口影响的实证分析

本文运用机场基础设施质量、海关程序负担和贸易壁垒普遍度三个指标衡量了贸易便利化程度,并应用国际贸易引力模型实证分析了东盟贸易便利化措施对中国-东盟区域制造业产品出口的影响。实证研究结果表明:东盟机场基础设施质量的改善对中国-东盟区域制造业产品出口有显著的影响。东盟机场基础设施质量等级每提升1%,区域制造业产品出口将增加1.48%。而海关程序负担和贸易壁垒普遍度的改善对中国-东盟区域制造业产品出口的影响不显著。在此基础上,本文设计了两个模拟方案,模拟分析了东盟贸易便利化程度的加深对中国制造业产品出口的影响程度。结果表明:如果东盟每个国家机场基础设施质量都提升到区域平均水平(5.2),则中国制造业产品出口额将提高39.34%。如果东盟每个国家机场基础设施质量等级提升到区域最高水平(6.9),则中国制造业产品对东盟出口额将增长70.95%。     

垂直专业化分工体系下贸易波动的行业差异性研究

本文计算了中国、日本、美国、英国等国各个部门出口波动情况,同时借助垂直专业化比率(VSS)这一指标衡量了各个部门参与垂直专业化分工的程度。测算结果表明:以其他商业服务(OCS)为典型代表的服务贸易相比于货物贸易尤其是高端货物贸易较少地参与了垂直专业化生产,服务贸易尤其是其他商业服务贸易以及传统货物贸易在国际金融危机中表现出较好的稳定性。     

贸易便利化、国际生产分割与出口价值构成

贸易便利化降低生产分割与贸易成本,促进国家之间的生产分工与贸易,同时改变了出口的价值构成。文章分析了贸易便利化影响国际生产分割和出口价值构成的理论机制,并在双边产业层面实证检验了贸易便利化对出口价值构成的影响,主要结论有:贸易便利化对出口本国附加值率的基本影响为负;当贸易便利化水平提高到一定程度,过度外包的生产环节回流,即贸易便利化对出口附加值率的影响存在"U"型效应;贸易便利化对出口附加值率的影响在不同国家、不同产业贸易中存在明显的异质性;贸易便利化可以通过影响国际生产分割的参与度和参与位置影响出口价值构成。     

产品内国际分工与中国获取的价值——基于零部件进出口的分析

中国巨大的贸易顺差引致贸易伙伴的诘难,国内外学者的实证分析却表明中国从产品内国际分工与贸易中获取的国内价值增值非常有限。产品内国际分工与贸易主要表现为零部件等中间产品的进出口,这一特征在机械运输设备和自动数据处理产业表现得尤其明显。通过计算1994—2007年零部件进出口的单位价值比率,发现中国出口零部件的单位价值远远低于相同编码进口零部件的单位价值。这意味着中国在进口大量高价值零部件从事终端产品低附加值出口加工的同时,也在制造并大量出口低价值零部件。中国激增的贸易顺差是产品内国际分工的副产品,掩盖了产品价值真实的国际分配。中国要成为真正的制造业强国并获得更大的国际分工利益,必须从提高国产零部件的价值开始。     

Income Inequalities and International Trade in Goods and Services: Short- and Long-Run Evidence

In this article, we study the short- and long-run effects of trade openness in services on wage inequalities. The sample covers ten Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1980 to 2005. We find a differentiated impact of trade in goods compared to trade in services: while trade in goods has a short- and a long-run impact on inequalities, trade in services has only long-run effects. Moreover, we also find that international trade in services has a stronger impact on inequalities than international trade in goods, and this effect does not concern only inequalities between top incomes and low incomes but also between top incomes and median incomes.     

贸易便利化对企业出口国内附加值率的影响——来自中国制造业企业的证据

在构建贸易便利化影响企业附加值贸易的理论框架基础上，文章采用中国制造业企业微观数据，实证检验了贸易便利化对企业出口国内附加值率（DVAR）的影响及其作用机制。研究发现：无论是采用贸易便利化综合指数，还是贸易便利化分领域指标，推进贸易便利化会显著提高企业出口DVAR。同时，相对于中西部企业、中低技术行业企业和本土企业而言，贸易便利化对东部企业、高技术行业企业和外资企业出口DVAR的促进作用更大。进一步机制检验发现，贸易便利化的相对价格渠道降低了企业出口DVAR，但通过成本加成渠道提高了企业出口DVAR，贸易便利化总体上对企业出口DVAR的净效应为正。上述结论意味着，推进贸易便利化改革对于提高企业出口DVAR和出口竞争力具有重要的现实意义。     

基于 APEC的贸易便利化测评及对我国出口影响的实证分析

本文根据全球竞争力报告等多种商业调查数据,对多个国家的贸易便利化水平进行了测算和排序,运用引力模型定量分析了贸易便利化水平对我国贸易出口量的影响,确认我国贸易便利化水平为一般便利,发现贸易的便利化比关税减让更能促进一国出口量的增长,指出各国贸易便利化改革主要以达到贸易量增长为目标,并对我国贸易便利化改革提出了对策建议。     

The nature of trade,global production fragmentation and inflationary dynamics: Cross-country evidence

This study investigates under which circumstances trade has impact on inflation dynamics by examining the independent effects of trade intensity, intra-industry trade and trade on value added. Trade in goods is decomposed into consumption (final) goods and intermediate inputs to deepen the assessment of the role of the globalisation of production activities on inflation dynamics. Open-economy new Keynesian Phillips curve (NKPC) analyses suggest that inflation is sensitive to domestic factors and that the relevance of external factors changes with respect to the nature of trade, country groups and time. Vertical intra-industry trade in intermediate inputs and value-added trade play important role, whereas final goods trade has no statistically significant effect on inflation dynamics.     

基于引力模型的中美农产品贸易边境效应研究

针对中美两国在农产品贸易上的新变化,应用引力模型的派生模型——边境效应引力模型对中美两国农产品贸易的流量和流向进行理论和实证研究。首先介绍了边境效应引力模型基本模型的推导过程,并引入了调整模型。然后采用1987至2005年其中5年的截面数据进行计算,结果发现:中美农产品贸易的边境效应显著存在,且呈逐年下降趋势;两国之间的农产品贸易边境效应存在流向和区域上的差异;距离的平方并不影响模型的可靠性。     

货物贸易、服务贸易与技术贸易发展趋向

通过对世界货物贸易、世界服务贸易和国际技术贸易这三者的发展状况进行对比分析,考察三者在贸易自由化方面的关系,认为技术贸易自由化的阻力是技术贸易、服务贸易和货物贸易中最小的,且发展最快;服务贸易自由化的阻力又小于货物贸易自由化的阻力,其发展速度快于货物贸易,并据此提出我国应采取的对策建议。     

Assessing the Benefits of Trade Facilitation: A Global Perspective

This paper estimates the relationship between trade facilitation and trade flows using a panel of disaggregated manufactured goods for the 2000–2001 period for 75 countries. Four categories of trade facilitation are defined, measured and assessed for their impact on bilateral trade flows using a gravity model. The four measures of trade facilitation are: port infrastructure (air and maritime), customs environment, regulatory environments and e‐business infrastructure. The results suggest that raising global capacity halfway to the world average in the four areas would increase trade by $377 billion. Most regions of the world increase exports more than imports. In large part, this result stems from increased exports to OECD markets that is obtained through a country's own effort to improve ports, customs, regulations and services infrastructures. In addition, the results suggest that reform and capacity building in trade facilitation in areas related to GATT Articles V, VIII and X that are under discussion at the World Trade Organisation could expand trade and exports significantly. Many of the reform measures necessary to achieve this goal need not necessarily require large‐scale investment projects, but rather action in legal and administrative reform to facilitate trade.     

贸易便利化能否提升中国企业产能利用率——来自“一带一路”沿线国家的证据

贸易便利化环境的改善为企业提升产能利用率带来了新契机。文章通过构建贸易便利化对产能利用率的理论框架,采用中国企业层面数据,检验“一带一路”沿线国家贸易便利化对产能利用率的微观影响。结果表明：沿线国家贸易便利化显著提升了中国制造业企业产能利用率;从贸易便利化类别来看,沿线国家口岸及物流效率对企业产能利用率的效应最大,其次为规制环境、金融及电子商务、海关及边境管理;从企业所属行业、所在地区与出口决策来看,沿线国家贸易便利化对进口中间品高依赖度企业、内陆地区企业及非出口企业的产能利用率效应更大;沿线国家贸易便利化产生的出口扩张效应、中间品进口替代效应、生产率改进效应是提升企业产能利用率的重要渠道。     

我国对外贸易结构对OFDI 影响的研究 ——基于动态面板模型的实证分析

本文使用2003～2010年我国对外直接投资的面板数据,采用GMM估计方法进行动态面板数据分析,考察了我国对外贸易结构对OFDI的影响。对世界样本的研究发现:我国制成品出口比重对OFDI有显著的促进作用,而对我国初级产品进口集中度、我国与东道国的贸易结合度以及总产品出口竞争力却会产生抑制作用。对发展中国家样本的分析则显示我国制成品出口竞争力对OFDI有显著的促进作用,而对我国制成品出口比重和总产品出口竞争力却没有显著的影响。