The gravity model and trade in intermediate inputs

Is the gravity model as applicable to trade in intermediate inputs as it is to trade in final goods? One of the contributions of this paper is that we explicitly account for the dual nature of products that can be used as either intermediate inputs or final goods. We find that the structural gravity model performs extremely well for describing bilateral trade in final goods and in intermediate inputs. Moreover, this continues to hold even when we focus on a subset of countries in which intermediate inputs trade accounts for a growing share of trade, namely "Factory Asia." However, the gravity model may perform poorly due to model misspecification (i.e., exclusion of intranational trade) and/or sample selection, even after the model considers the dual nature of products. We demonstrate that the poor performance of the gravity model is not attributable to the large trade flow of intermediate inputs, which supports the continued use of the model as these trade flows continue to grow in importance worldwide.     

范围不经济与国际贸易的新基础——对国际产品内贸易起因的解释

本文认为,国际产品内贸易可分为产业间的产品内贸易和产业内的产品内贸易,比较优势理论能解释产业间的产品内贸易,但还没有理论能解释产业内的产品内贸易。文章提出的国际贸易新基础,即由厂商管理约束所导致的范围不经济系数较大而最终产品内的中间产品种类数较多是国际产业内的产品内贸易的基础,比较彻底地解释了产业内的产品内贸易,实现了国际贸易理论的创新。同时文章指出,厂商发挥规模经济效应与实现产品内贸易的决策是被"孪生"地决定的,即理性厂商既不能为了发挥规模经济效应而不合理地减少中间产品种类数,也不能不合理地通过增加中间产品种类数来增加总利润,否则总利润就会减少;交易成本较小是国际产品内分工与贸易的必要条件而非充分条件;第三次科技革命是最终产品国际贸易向中间产品国际贸易发展的直接原因。     

中国与发达国家生产者服务业产业内贸易比较研究——基于货物贸易、服务贸易的视角分析

随着国际贸易的纵深发展,当今社会贸易种类已由传统的货物贸易向现代服务贸易转变,生产者服务业作为服务贸易中最核心、附加价值最高的组成部分在后工业经济时代发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文采用中国与有代表性的发达国家美、日、德、法、意经济体间生产者服务部门产业内贸易比较测度,揭示出当今中国在急需产业转型、效益提升的关键时期与发达国家间生产者服务业产业内贸易的现状与问题。同时,文中应用我国与发达国家间生产者服务业产业内贸易受约因素的面板数据分析,发现2000-2005年间,中美、中德、中意专利产业内贸易不存在,仅有产业间贸易,说明我国与发达国家间专利技术方面的差距所在。基于文中的研究提出我国要大力提升专利业发展、继续巩固货物贸易比较优势,提高科研、提升人力资本和加强环保,这将对我国与发达国家间生产者服务业产业内贸易增长发挥促进作用。     

产品内分工与产品内贸易——一个基于汽车产品的实例分析

国际分工由产业间深入到产业内并进一步深入到产品内已是一个不争的事实,尤其是在汽车、电子、服装等制造业产业。经典贸易理论以整体终端产品作为潜在的分析假设,因此难以担负解释国际贸易现状的重任。那么,什么是产品内分工和产品内贸易,在该领域的研究现状如何,怎样分析产品内分工的组织或权力结构?本文将以汽车为例,针对以上问题作出初步的回答。     

Intra-industry trade and heterogeneity in pollution emission

This paper develops a model of intermediate goods firms heterogeneity with respect to a pollution parameter to analyze the effects of intra-industry trade on final good output, pollution and welfare. By focusing on intra-industry trade we consider trade between similar countries. We analyze both trade between developed countries, and trade between developing countries. In our model, final good producers pay an environmental tax on the total pollution emitted in their country. Therefore, final good producers determine the overall level of pollution by demanding ‘cleaner’ or ‘dirtier’ intermediate goods. To focus on intra-industry trade we consider only intermediate goods firms trade. We analyze three scenarios: closed economy; open economy with no impediments to trade; and open economy with transportation cost. Our main findings are: i. a developing country closed to trade faces lower final good output and higher total pollution and is thus worse off than a developed country; ii. countries are better off under trade than under autarky, regardless of their development level; and iii. an open economy with low transportation costs are better off than an open economy with no impediments to trade.     

中国与欧盟制成品产业内贸易及其影响因素

本文采用Grubel-Llyod指数,对中国与欧盟制成品产业内贸易水平及其影响因素进行了探讨。研究发现,中国与欧盟整体的制成品贸易以产业内贸易为主,但对不同的欧盟国家以及不同类型的制成品产业,其产业内贸易水平与发展趋势有着较大的差异。通过计量分析,认为欧盟国家的市场规模、对外开放水平、对华直接投资、研发水平以及中国与欧盟国家的市场规模差异等变量,均对中欧制成品产业内贸易水平有显著影响,但这种影响对于不同类型的制成品产业是不一样的。     

Rue the ROOs: Rules of origin and the gains (or losses) from trade agreements

ABSTRACT

This article provides three-good, three-country examples of trade in both intermediate inputs and final goods. These show the adverse effects that rules of origin (ROOs) can have, even in a world where every country has a free trade agreement (FTA) with every other country. ROOs may cause ubiquitous FTAs to yield a level of welfare, for everyone, that is worse than if there were no FTAs at all, and all trade were subject to common nondiscriminatory tariffs. Thus, the move to an ever increasing number of FTAs may be reducing world welfare.     

中日制成品产业内贸易实证分析

采用SITC3分位数据,对1992-2012年间中日制造业产业内贸易发展态势进行实证分析的研究结果表明:中日产业内贸易主要集中在制成品领域内,制造业贸易在两国贸易总额中占主导地位,中日制造业产业内贸易结构已由产业间贸易为主导变为产业间、产业内并存的格局;中日两国的产业内贸易受中日人均GDP差异、要素禀赋差异以及中国企业市场规模等因素的影响,而日本对华直接投资影响不显著。中国应鼓励技术创新与应用,合理调整引资政策,改善投资软环境,以促进贸易模式由以垂直型产业内贸易为主向以水平型产业内贸易为主转变。     

基于产业内贸易的进出口商品结构研究——以浙江省为例

本文认为,浙江省产业内贸易总指数相对较低,分类指数差异巨大;资源稀缺型行业产业内贸易指数较高,资源丰裕型行业指数较低;附加值较高行业产业内贸易指数较高,附加值较低行业指数较低;外资集中产业的产业内贸易指数较高,非外资集中产业的指数较低。文章提出,提升浙江省进出口商品结构,一要转变经济增长方式,突破资源瓶颈,实现贸易结构的优化。二要加快加工贸易发展,优化进出口商品结构。三要合理地利用外资,有效地引导外资,提高产业内贸易水平。     

Mergers and acquisitions & trade: A global value chain analysis

The present paper deals with how the insertion in international trade and global value chains (GVCs) of countries affects their capacity of attracting foreign mergers and acquisitions (M&As). To this end, we combine data for bilateral M&As and trade in value added for the period 2001–15 and estimate an augmented gravity equation. Results indicate that trade openness per se does not favour M&As. Nevertheless, bilateral free trade agreements, heterogeneity of destinations (sources) for exports (imports) of intermediate and final goods, and position and participation in global value chains are relevant for explaining bilateral M&As. Moreover, their role is significantly different depending on the level of development of the home and host countries.     

中日两国产业内贸易的实证研究

本文对中日双边贸易中制成品产业内贸易的发展现状、特征以及影响因素进行了实证研究,发现随着中日双边贸易中资本和技术密集型产品比重的提高,制成品产业内贸易比重也有所提高;其中,机械和运输设备产业内贸易所占比重最高;垂直差异化产品产业内贸易是中日制成品产业内贸易的主要形式;日本对华直接投资活动活跃、跨国公司国际一体化生产体系的构筑及其产业内投资的发展、中国持续经济增长引起的市场容量扩大、加工贸易的快速发展、产品差异化发展以及便利的地理区位因素均有利于促进双边产业内贸易的发展,规模经济和贸易壁垒因素对其则尚存消极影响。     

我国对外贸易商品结构和方式与经济增长的相关性比较

改革开放以来,我国的对外贸易和经济增长都取得了令人瞩目的成就,但不同的对外贸易商品结构和方式对我国经济增长的影响是不同的。本文运用协整和格兰杰因果检验方法对我国的进出口贸易、投入品和消费品贸易、一般贸易和加工贸易与我国经济增长的相关关系进行了比较分析。结果表明:第一,我国的对外贸易、进口贸易、出口贸易都与经济增长呈正相关关系,但进口贸易对经济增长的推动作用更大,而且进口还是推动我国出口的重要原因;第二,我国投入品的进口和出口以及消费品的出口都与经济增长呈正相关关系,但投入品的进口对经济增长的推动作用更大,而消费品的进口对经济增长有负面影响;第三,我国一般贸易和加工贸易都与经济增长呈正相关关系,但一般贸易对经济增长的推动作用比加工贸易要显著得多。     

Competitive pressure,innovation and trade protection: Evidence from US patent data

Recent theoretical models have suggested that the relationship between competition and innovation may best be characterised as an inverted‐U shape: firms in industries with low levels of competition are more likely to innovate in the wake of increased competition as they attempt to escape competition, while those in highly competitive industries will decrease innovation in the wake of increased competition as the profit incentive to innovate dissipates. Results from other studies have found positive as well as negative relationships between innovation and competition. In a parallel literature, trade economists have produced conflicting results regarding the impact of trade liberalisation on innovation. One stream of research has shown that increased access to imported intermediate goods increases productivity, suggesting a positive relationship between imports and innovation. Others have hypothesised that firms may use the technology embodied in intermediate inputs as a substitute for domestic innovation. In this paper, we merge these divergent literatures and investigate whether innovation, as measured by the production of patents by US manufacturers, has been impacted by market competition and tariff reductions. Our empirical findings indicate that insulation from imports in the form of higher tariffs on final goods was associated with innovation until the late 1980s, while falling tariffs on intermediate goods appear to have facilitated innovation during the 1990s. We also find evidence of the inverted U‐shaped relationship between market competition and innovation.     

我国中间产品贸易探析

近年来我国中间产品贸易发展迅速,中间产品贸易已成为我国进出口贸易的重要组成部分.文章从比较优势、垂直专业化、价值链及市场内部化等角度阐述了中间产品贸易产生的理论基础,客观地分析了中间产品贸易产生的现实条件和近年来我国中间产品贸易的发展状况,在此基础上提出中间产品贸易的发展将对我国经济及对外贸易发展所产生的具体影响.     

GVC视角下中国制造业贸易竞争力研究--基于总贸易与增加值贸易口径的比较

在全球价值链背景下,中国货物贸易的中间产品贸易存在逆差,而最终产品贸易存在顺差。那么中国货物贸易的贸易竞争力究竟如何?研究结论认为:第一,中国制造业整体具有较强的贸易竞争力,并基本呈现不断攀升趋势;制造业分行业之间的贸易竞争力差别很大。第二,总贸易口径下的贸易竞争力在一定程度上低估了大部分制造业的实际情况。第三,造成总贸易口径衡量的贸易竞争力偏离实际情况的原因与该行业参与全球价值链的程度有关。     

垂直专业化分工及我国的分工地位

垂直专业化分工是国际分工的深化,是同一产业或行业内同一产品的不同生产阶段之间的国际分工。基于比较优势的垂直专业化分工,其表现形式是包含中间产品的产业内贸易,其分工和贸易模式是可预测的。我国在全球垂直专业化分工中的地位是进口半制成品并加工装配成消费品,然后出口,其主要形式是加工贸易。     

中国产业内贸易:基于国家特征的经验研究

产业内贸易目前已成为国际贸易的重要组成部分,并且是反映一国市场应变能力及国际分工地位的重要指标。本文选取了2000—2004年数据对影响中国产业内贸易的国家特征因素进行实证研究。结果显示:需求相似程度、要素禀赋差异、距离及文化背景这三个因素对中国产业内贸易的影响为正;国际直接投资的影响则主要体现为替代效应。     

三角贸易模式对中国对美出口增长的影响

中国在国际生产网络中的地位日益突出,主要扮演着加工装配地的角色,即从日本、韩国等工业化国家或地区进口中间品,经过加工装配后再将最终产品出口至以美国、欧盟为主的发达国家或地区,从而形成了三角贸易模式。中国对美出口的快速增加与三角贸易模式的发展密切相关,文章研究表明,中间品进口的增加和三角贸易模式的发展显著地促进了中国对美出口的增加,因此中美贸易失衡主要不是一种双边贸易现象,而是一种结构性现象。     

中欧贸易互补性研究——基于比较优势理论和产业内贸易理论的实证分析

自中欧建交以来,双边贸易取得了快速进展。经过2004年东扩的欧盟已经成为我国最大的贸易伙伴,同时我国也成为了欧盟的第二大贸易伙伴,不断扩大的双边贸易从一个侧面反映了中欧贸易的互补性。本文利用近十几年的贸易统计数据,分别以比较优势理论和产业内贸易理论为依据对中欧贸易的互补性进行了实证分析,从而得出了以下结论:中欧双边贸易存在较强的互补关系,中欧之间的国际分工主要以产业间的垂直分工为主,同时随着我国工业制成品国际竞争力的迅速提高,产业内贸易在中欧双边贸易中的重要性正在不断增强,中欧之间的国际分工正逐步向水平方向发展。     

Country size and trade in intermediate and final goods

This paper documents a negative relationship between country size and the share of final consumption goods in total exports. A model is developed, based on the division of labour and comparative advantage, to explain this relationship. Labour is used to produce traded intermediate inputs which are used in the production of traded final goods. Large countries gain relatively more from comparative advantage than from the division of labour, while the opposite is true for small countries. As in the data, large countries export a smaller share of final goods and a larger share of intermediate goods than small countries. It is shown that the model developed in the paper yields the same results as a model based on monopolistic competition.