试论中国公共教育支出体制的构建

"科教兴国"是我们的国策,教育在我国担负着提高国民素质和创新能力的重大历史使命.但是我国的公共教育支出在总量上一直低于国际一般水平,在结构上存在着三级教育的不合理分配和城乡的不公平分配等现象,这些都会制约教育事业的发展,进而制约社会经济的发展.良好的公共教育支出体制则可以有助于达到政府的教育政策目标.本文旨在探讨中国公共教育支出体制的构建标准,即充足、效率和公平,并对如何构建中国公共教育支出体制提出了若干对策性建议.     

我国公共卫生支出现状分析

针对我国公共卫生支出的现状，分析我国公共卫生支出负担由政府、企业转向个人；公共卫生资源配置不公平；政府投资不均衡等问题，明确政府在公共卫生支出中的职责出发，加大公共卫生支出力度，改善公共支出结构，解决公平与效率问题。     

EXCEL在公共服务分配中的应用

对公共资源进行科学的分配可以最大效率的利用公共资源,体现社会公平,促进社会和谐。通过建立数学模型,举例说明利用EXCEL的规划求解工具,对已有教育公共设施的服务片区进行更科学的划分,从而提高公共决策的水平。同时,公共服务均等化有助于公平分配,实现公平和效率的统一。     

政府教育支出有关问题的研究

政府教育支出属于公共财政支出的范畴,它在政府财政支出中占有很大比例.政府教育支出除了产生巨大的社会效益之外,还对整个国民经济的增长产生积极的影响.近些年来,政府对教育支出的增长,没有反映在社会对公共教育需求增长方面.因此,合理确定政府教育支出的公共边界,调整政府教育支出结构,将有利于政府教育支出效率的提高.     

陕西省公共支出结构优化分析

公共支出结构是指各类公共支出占总公共支出的比重,它直接关系到政府动员社会资源的程度。公共支出结构的优化是公共支出政策的一项重要职能。基于2000-2005年的数据,从不同分类角度,对陕西省公共支出结构做了纵向和横向比较分析,整体上看,陕西省的财政支出结构在不断优化,但仍存在财政效率缺失问题,应从七个方面采取措施,不断优化公共支出结构。     

公共支出效率促进产业结构升级的实现机制与经验辨识

如何推动产业结构升级是中国经济步入新常态后面临的一个重要课题.本文构建一个包含公共支出效率的产业结构升级一般静态均衡模型,考察了公共支出效率促进产业结构升级的实现机制.理论研究发现:通过影响家庭收入,公共支出效率提升对产业结构升级产生恩格尔效应,促进农业产业向非农产业升级;满足约束条件,在制造业内部,促进劳动密集型产业向资本、技术密集型产业升级;在服务业内部,促进生活型服务业向生产型服务业升级.基于中国35个大中城市的经验分析,本文验证了理论发现和实现机制,为实现我国产业结构升级开拓了新的视角.本文建议,政府应当把思路从重视“支出规模”转变到重视“支出规模与支出效率”上,特别是提高中低收入地区的公共支出效率.     

我国政府公共支出结构的优化问题研究

新中国成立以后，我国公共支出结构由改革开放前的侧重于经济建设，向改革开放后保证经济建设的同时加大社会公共服务投入转变。在财政体刺向公共财政体制转型的过程中，由于体制惯性影响，存在着公共支出结构与经济社会发展需要之间的矛盾。为此，在保证社会公平、立足经济发展的基础上，调整公共支出结构，提高经济发展绩效。一是加快建设支出结构调整，优化生产性服务：二是优化社会文教卫生支出结构，提高社会服务能力：三是压缩行政管理支出，适当加大安全投入，为经济发展创造良好社会安全环境：四是切实加大环境保护投入，建设环境友好型社会。     

医疗卫生支出与社会公平的动态相关性研究

对我国医疗卫生支出与基尼系数之间动态均衡关系的研究发现,中国医疗卫生支出与全国居民收入的基尼系数之间存在长期的正向关系,即与社会公平存在负向关系。医疗卫生支出对社会公平的影响不大,说明了医疗卫生支出效率不高。为了增强医疗卫生支出的产出效应,应完善财政支出的运作机制,让所有财政支出包括医疗卫生支出在规范中运作,这样才能使财政支出及医疗卫生支出的功能更充分地体现出来。     

我国财政支出促进教育公平性的思考——基于教育级次的研究分析

财政支出是提供公共产品和服务,满足社会共同需要而进行的财政资金的支付。改革开放以来,随着社会经济发展,财政对于教育的支持力度与支出规模不断扩大,但其支出结构内部仍存在一系列公平性的问题,前人对城乡、区域之间的教育不公平现象研究已较为充分,对于教育级次间有所欠缺,文章着眼于国家财政性教育支出数据,分析我国教育支出各个级次间的不公平表现及原因,并从教育起点、过程和结果公平三个方面提出可行性的措施,为财政部门、教育部门等相关管理者提供新思路。     

公共支出与人类发展指数——对中国的实证分析：1990-2002

科学发展观和和谐社会要求我们的工作重心由GDP扩展到HDI,公共支出作为国家重要的宏观调控工具更是负有不可推卸的责任,但公共支出是否影响人类发展呢?公共支出对人类发展的影响有多大呢?公共支出中的哪些项目对促进人类发展的贡献最大呢?本文用实证分析的方法来回答上述问题,分析发现,公共支出与人类发展具有显著的正相关关系,而且公共教育支出、公共医疗卫生支出的贡献明显大于其它公共支出.     

An Information-Based Approach to Labeling Biotechnology Consumer Products

Using an economic framework this paper explores the need for labeling of biotechnological consumer products. In particular, we assess the impact of labeling on information problems faced by consumers and regulators. Using information analysis, we propose an approach to labeling biotechnology products that attempts to respect both the real nature of consumer information-processing capacities and approaches and the environment of uncertainty in which any regulatory policy for biotechnology will operate. We conclude that the fact of uncertainty on the scientific front and the nature of consumer concerns in this area gives rise to a need for some type of labeling. Using labels to convey substantive information, however, is likely to be of limited value to consumers. A comprehensive approach to information policy for consumers in this field should aim instead to use labeling requirements to harness the incentives of producers and other private entities to effectively convey to consumers what they want and need to know. We therefore recommend that governments require a simple alert label on biotechnology consumer goods that will prompt consumers to assess their information needs and producers or others to supply those needs. Government regulation in this scheme would consist of basic health and safety regulation and direct or indirect monitoring and regulation of the content of the information ultimately conveyed to consumers by producers and others.     

初次分配效率与公平的政策组合与效用选择

按照对效率与公平偏好的不同,初次分配效率与公平的政策组合有四种类型:"轻效率,轻公平"型;"轻效率,重公平"型;"重效率,轻公平"型;"重效率,重公平"型。不同社会发展阶段收入分配政策的制定实际上是对这四种政策组合的选择,以选择能带来最大化效用的分配制度。用分粥模型形象地对效率与公平的各种政策组合进行模拟,并根据收入分配效用函数对效率与公平政策组合的效用选择状况进行分析,结果表明,在初次分配"重效率"目标不变的前提下,消除收入分配不公平、减少贫富差距的关键在于同时建立初次分配"重公平"的机制。     

公充价值计量的估值方法和影响因素分析

建立公开的市场价格体系,优化市场资产的估价系统,使各种资产的市价很好地反映其真实价值。同时,充分发挥资产评估中中介、物价等机构应有的监管作用,建立起完善的监督、制约、平衡机制,防止利用公允价值进行造假;提高公允价值的可操作性,为公允价值全面应用提供保障。同时,加强计量理论研究,有利于公允价值在操作层面上的推广,从公充价值计量的估值方法和应用进行探讨,从而改善企业业绩,设计最优的路径。     

Relationships Between Moral Disengagement,Work Characteristics and Workplace Harassment

This study was undertaken to investigate whether work variables identified in theory and research as being related to employee experiences/behaviours add to the understanding and explain employees’ experiences of workplace harassment. The extent to which social cognitive theory (SCT), specifically moral disengagement, explains the processes by which work characteristics are related to harassment was also examined. The purpose of the study was to identify the presence of relationships among work characteristics, satisfaction, moral disengagement and workplace harassment. According to the results, employees with negative opinions of their work tended to experience negative affect and to believe that it is acceptable to harm others. The results of this study provide evidence of (1) relationships between harassment and several workplace characteristics and (2) the applicability of SCT to the explanation of how work characteristics relate to harassment.     

毛泽东的舆论宣传与新闻思想

毛泽东认为,舆论宣传和新闻工作是为革命党人的革命事业服务的,它通过宣传革命、打击敌人、教育人民以唤起和鼓动人民参加与支持革命。为实现这一目标,从事革命的舆论宣传和新闻工作者应该利用各种舆论手段宣传党的路线、方针和政策,并适应革命形势的发展变化而确定一定时期和阶段的宣传工作重点．以良好的写作技能写出文风活泼、使人爱看的文章。     

江西现代物流业发展现状、问题与对策

现代物流业是国民经济发展的动脉和基础产业,其发展程度成为衡量一国现代化和综合国力的重要标志之一。近年来,江西把加快发展现代物流业作为调整经济结构和地区布局、提高经济整体运行效率和质量、改善投资环境和增强综合竞争力的战略选择,物流设施日趋完善、物流规模不断扩大、物流形式呈现多样、物流环境持续改善。但是,也应该看到,江西的现代物流业仍处于起步阶段,存在物流发展缺乏整体协调、物流基础设施仍然滞后、对物流的认识尚不到位、缺乏现代物流龙头企业、现代物流专业人才短缺等问题。加快江西现代物流业的发展,应以科学规划引导物流业合理布局、以观念创新构建物流业发展模式、以政策措施加大物流业支持力度、以科技为支撑建设物流运行平台、以长远眼光重视物流人才的培养。     

关于烹饪教学中学生创新思维的培养

随着社会经济的快速发展,社会市场中对人才的要求也在逐渐发生相应的转变,除了专业的技能之外,人们逐渐开始关注人才的创新思维和能力,这也就表示在人才培养的过程中,需要加强培养和提升学生的创新思维。为了适应社会时代的发展与进步,当前在烹饪教学中也逐渐开始重视培养学生的创新思维。基于此,针对在烹饪教学的过程中应该如何培养学生的创新思维进行分析,对学生创新思维的提升以及对创新人才的培养具有重要的意义和作用。     

An Application of MACRAME to Support Communication and Decisions in a Multi-Unit Project

Researchers from the Politecnico di Torino working in different fields and a start-up company from the internal incubator decided to join together in a collective project to produce an innovative light aircraft that would utilize hydrogen as fuel. Several decisions have had to be made, above all in relation to the hydrogen fuel cells that have to be used (dimensions, number, supplier,...) and to the electric propulsion engine that has to be combined with the cells as there was no engine on the market with the adequate characteristics. The consequences of these decisions (and of others, in relation to the electronic devices and the automatic control systems), in terms of times, costs and risks, have had to be analysed in the project context, where units with different expertise and language were involved. The paper proposes a methodological approach to identify and face uncertainties and complexities pertaining to this multi-unit project through a shared vision of the problems and a structured and evolving problem formulation that has been developed to support communication, coordination and decision-making. It explains how some tools have been integrated in this application and used to elaborate and represent alternative decisions, to collectively evaluate and choose and to create a communication space for the project.     

航空联盟及其产生影响分析

从航空联盟存在的规模经济和密度经济原理,以及它们与产出成本弹性、服务点成本弹性之间的关系,可以了解航空战略联盟对航空公司、旅客等产生的影响。根据国外航空公司的经验,航空公司加入联盟,要综合考虑很多因素,研究和权衡各个因素,以实现规模和密度经济性,从而提高航空公司的竞争力。     

The scientific management of the consumer interest

Beginning in the late 1980s, the widely held assumption that scientific management (Taylorism) was an authoritarian and mechanical body of thought and practice began to be subjected to sustained challenge. Underpinning this contest was a growing understanding that, in his last years, Frederick Winslow Taylor became acutely aware that the ability of business interests to dominate enterprise governance was a major barrier to the development of forms of management in which scientific knowledge, rather than vested interests, dictate decision making. Building on this new understanding, scholars have subsequently uncovered a number of the ways by which Taylor and his colleagues and heirs sought to broaden access to management knowledge and assist the creation of a democratic social and intellectual space within which a science of management could flourish. One aspect of this history not previously brought to light is the fact that Taylor and a number of his disciples utilized their technical and political skills to assist consumers to gain access to the knowledge they required if they were to adequately defend themselves against the interests of business and the state. In this article, we seek to correct this omission by detailing the three major ways in which Taylor and his colleagues sought to increase the ability of the consumer to make informed decisions. In so doing, we also explain why their efforts attracted a level of business hostility that in the 1930s became vitriolic and subsequently drew the attention of the House of Representatives' Un-American Activities Committee.