Organizational differences in managerial compensation and benefits in Chinese firms

More than two decades of economic reforms have brought profound changes in human resource management practices in both the state and non-state sectors in China. This study focuses on the impact of organizational factors on compensation and benefits for Chinese managers in state-owned enterprises (SOEs), publicly listed firms (PLFs), and foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs). The empirical investigation of 465 firms located in three major Chinese cities, Shanghai, Nanjing and Guangzhou, provides evidence that organizational factors, such as ownership, firm size, firm age, location and industrial sector, have significant impacts on the variances in Chinese managers' compensation levels, compensation structures and benefits. The trends in the development of compensation and benefits for Chinese managers are also discussed as the Chinese economy moves closer to a more globalized, highly dynamic economy after China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001.     

Monopoly and Anti‐Monopoly in China Today

For three decades after liberation in 1949, the Chinese economy consisted almost entirely of state monopolies. Economic reforms, starting in 1979, sought to increase the efficiency of the economy by introducing competitive practices in many sectors of the economy. But the Chinese economy has been partially administered by the state for over two millennia. As a result, both state‐managed and private monopolies are still an intrinsic part of the Chinese economy today. Despite two decades of anti‐monopoly reforms, state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) continue to dominate key sectors of the economy, particularly in resource extraction and financial services. The government is aware of the inefficiencies and corruption caused by monopolies, both public and private. But Chinese tradition takes a balanced view of social harms and weighs the damage caused by monopoly against the stability that SOEs have provided China in recent decades. There is less reason for China to tolerate private monopolies, but most of them have arisen in conjunction with digital technology because of its distinctive cost structure (high entry costs, low marginal costs). China has made some use of antitrust law, but most economic regulation in China is administrative. Thus the anti‐monopoly activities that are used to restrain monopoly power in China are different from Western practices.     

国有企业双重目标与投资效率改进——基于独立董事网络和国企混改视角

立足国有企业具有社会和经济双重目标的理论逻辑,本文选取2007~2016年A股国有上市公司作为研究样本,分析了独立董事网络和国有股比例对投资效率的影响以及调节效应。研究发现:独立董事网络降低了国有上市公司的投资效率,较高比例的国有持股抑制了投资效率,但当国企更加关注经济目标时,则有助于改善投资效率;进一步研究发现,相比于特定功能类企业,独立董事网络在商业竞争类企业中发挥投资效率的改善作用更加显著。因此,独立董事应因地制宜在国企中发挥治理作用;政府应分类推进国企混合所有制改革;竞争性国企应引入较大比例的优质民营资本,优化投资决策、提高投资效率。     

State-owned enterprises' political capital,city administrative rank and economic resources acquisition: Empirical evidence from Chinese capital markets

This paper examines the impact of Chinese State-Owned Enterprises' (SOE) corporate political capital and the administrative rank of the city where the firm is located on their ability to acquire economic resources. The study found that the stronger the political capital owned by SOEs and the higher the administrative rank of the cities in which SOEs were located, the easier it was for them to obtain more loans and subsidies. We also found that as the city administrative rank increased, the positive effect of SOEs' political capital on economic resources acquisition also increased. When SOEs were divided into commercial competitive versus specific functional enterprises, the administrative rank of the city in which the enterprise was located played a significant positive role in obtaining economic resources for commercial competitive enterprises, while the role of their political capital played a limited role. For specific functional enterprises, their own political capital played the more significant positive role. This paper expands the research scope of corporate political connections with a new perspective.     

金融发展、商业信用融资与企业成长——来自中国Ａ股上市公司的经验证据

企业间的商业信用融资可以作为银行信贷的一种有效替代机制缓解企业融资约束,从而在企业的经营和成长中扮演着重要角色.本文利用中国A股上市公司数据,研究发现商业信用融资对企业成长有显著的正面影响,尤其是对于受融资约束企业和民营企业而言,商业信用融资对企业成长的促进作用更加明显.进一步地还发现当金融发展水平较低时,商业信用对企业成长,尤其是民营企业成长的作用相对较大.随着金融改革和市场化改革的深入,企业成长对商业信用融资的依赖将逐渐减弱.     

Profit-sharing and financial performance in the Chinese state enterprises: Evidence from panel data

This paper examines the effects of incentives in employee remuneration on financial performance in a sample of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The estimates show that bonus payments as a form of profit-sharing between employees and the state have positive effects on both the total factor productivity and profitability of the sample SOEs. Moreover, the actual level of bonus payments is found to be lower than the optimal level which a competitive firm would set to maximise profits. These results suggest that profit-sharing introduced in Chinese state-owned enterprises as one of the centrepieces of economic reforms over the last decade has been effective.We wish to thank participants at the Seventh Annual Conference of the Chinese Economic Association (UK) in December 1995 and an anonymous referee for comments. The paper has also benefited from the comments by participants at the STICERD Lunchtime Seminar, the London school of Economics. The financial support from ESRC (grant no. L324253025) is gratefully acknowledged.     

瘦身健体改革抑制了国有企业成本粘性吗？

降本增效是深化国有企业改革和实现国有企业做强做优做大目标的重要举措之一。利用2016年国务院审议通过的《中央企业深化改革瘦身健体工作方案》这一外生事件作为准自然实验,采用双重差分模型系统地检验政府干预对国有企业成本粘性的影响及作用机制。实证研究结果表明,瘦身健体改革方案实施对国有企业成本粘性具有显著的抑制作用。进一步研究发现,瘦身健体改革显著抑制国有企业成本粘性这一现象并不因企业层级、盈利能力和市场竞争程度差异而发生显著变化。作用渠道检验发现,无论企业信息环境透明度和资产专用性情况如何,瘦身健体改革显著抑制国有企业成本粘性的现象均依然存在,但在信息透明度低、资产专用性强的国有企业中更为明显。研究结论不仅丰富了国有企业改革经济后果方面的研究,拓展了企业成本粘性影响因素的文献,而且有助于从国有企业降本增效的角度为推进供给侧结构性改革提供政策建议。     

对大企业外部性问题的研究

在带来巨大经济效益和高速经济增长的同时,大企业的外部性问题因其大规模生产和消费对整个社会和自然环境造成了严重的负面影响。同时对外部性问题的监测手段和技术的不断提升,以及社会大众对外部性问题的强烈关注,迫使大企业在政府监管督促的基础上,应该发挥其主观能动性,积极将其外部性问题内化。     

分类改革提升了竞争类国企的投资效率吗?

本文以2015年国企分类改革为准自然实验,考察分类改革对竞争类国企投资效率的影响.研究发现,分类改革显著提升了竞争类国企的投资效率,且投资效率的改善主要表现为对过度投资的抑制.考虑行业竞争程度的差异后发现,分类改革对竞争类国企投资效率的提升仅存在于低竞争行业中,并且这些公司的经营业绩在改革后也得到了显著提高.考虑地区差异后发现,在政府干预程度较高的地区,分类改革显著提升了国企的投资效率.作用机制分析发现分类改革显著改善了国企的股东治理,但未发现分类改革显著改善国企高管薪酬激励.本文从投资效率的视角为分类改革实施的积极效果提供了经验证据支持,同时也为深化分类改革提出了建议.     

Congestible public goods and local indeterminacy: A two-sector endogenous growth model

This paper shows that the congestible public goods can generate local indeterminacy in a two-sector, constant-return human capital enhanced growth model. While the productive public good exerts positive sector-specific externalities, the congestion effect generates negative aggregate externalities. The sector-specific externalities alone arising from productive public goods cannot establish local indeterminacy without the combination of negative externality in a model with social constant return technology. Congestible public good generates local indeterminacy if the degree of productive public good externality and the degree of congestion effect are large enough. The condition for indeterminacy is independent of the factor intensity rankings. The conditions are quantitatively assessed and the required parameter values for the degrees of public good externality and congestion are consistent with the estimated values in existing literature.     

The challenges of global capitalism: unemployment and state workers' reactions and responses in post-reform China

As China enters the twenty-first year of reform, the success of its economic policies has been widely recognized. But what is also true is that economic reforms initiated in the past decades, particularly the restructuring of state-owned enterprises, have inevitably marginalized state workers - the 'masters of socialist China'. Workers in private and non-state sectors might have benefited from the economic reforms but state workers of most state-owned enterprises feel bitterly left behind. The aim of this article is to examine the perception of state workers of the causes of organizational difficulties, their worries in face of redundancy and their coping strategies. Observations made in this study are based on field interviews and questionnaire survey of 649 state workers in Beijing, Shenyang and Zhejiang from 1996 to 1999.     

Overinvestment,inflation uncertainty,and managerial overconfidence: Firm level analysis of Chinese corporations

We study corporate investment by considering both external economic factor and managerial behavior, in particular the dynamic interaction between inflation uncertainty and managerial overconfidence by employing a sample of Chinese companies. The empirical findings demonstrate that lower inflation uncertainty increases over-investment, and managerial overconfidence exacerbates such effect. Further analysis shows that over-investment in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is mainly driven by managerial overconfidence, and the negative association between inflation uncertainty and overinvestment is due to managerial overconfidence. The effect of managerial overconfidence is mute in non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs). In addition, we find asymmetric impact of inflation uncertainty on corporate over-investment during different economic cycles.     

IT企业的成长与人力资本效应——基于扩展的内生增长模型与实证研究

基于IT企业成长的特点,本文将人力资本分为集约型人力资本与增量型人力资本,它们之间存在着相互转化。首次运用新增长理论,从人力资本单个维度和多个维度构建了IT企业成长的模型,并以我国IT上市公司为例开展了实证分析。分析结果表明:在满足一定条件下,人力资本及其溢出对促进IT企业保持持续增长发挥着关键性的作用;同时,IT企业的成长是企业技术创新能力、人力资本的集约性程度、网络外部性强度、生产资源量对产出的弹性系数等人力资本的多个维度因素共同博弈的结果,只有在它们之间建立好协调机制,IT企业的成长才能得到保证。     

Sectoral bubbles,misallocation, and endogenous growth

Stock price bubbles are often on productive assets and occur in a sector of the economy. In addition, their occurrence is often accompanied by credit booms. Incorporating these features, we provide a two-sector endogenous growth model with credit-driven stock price bubbles. Bubbles have a credit easing effect in that they relax collateral constraints and improve investment efficiency. Sectoral bubbles also have a capital reallocation effect in the sense that bubbles in a sector attract more capital to be reallocated to that sector. Their impact on economic growth depends on the interplay between these two effects. Bubbles may misallocate resources across sectors and reduce welfare.     

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHINA'S ECONOMIC GROWTH DURING THE REFORM PERIOD

We identify some empirical evidences for the structural changes in the determinants of regional growth, disparities and the convergence speed to the per capita GDP equilibrium during the reform period of 1978–1998 in China. We estimate a growth regression model by augmenting the Solow model with a provincial-level panel data set. The existence of conditional convergence is confirmed throughout the reform period, but the convergence speed is faster in the 1990s than the early reform period. Agro-industry-based rural development contributed to regional growth and eased interregional disparities in the early reform period. Foreign capital inflows took a significant leading role for regional growth during the 1990s, but aggravated interregional disparities. Education and non-state enterprises were among the other keys for regional growth throughout the reform period. These results implies that for achieving sustainable and balanced growth in future, it is essential to extend foreign capital investment to the interior regions, in association with further development of human capital resource and non-state local enterprises.     

Multi-criteria analysis of economic complexity transition in emerging economies: The case of Paraguay

Like many emerging economies, the productive structure of the Paraguayan economy is not complex. It relies extensively on low value-added activities in the primary sector such as agriculture and cattle ranching. These activities have a lower return in terms of economic and social benefits than other potential productive activities and do not contribute to increasing capability accumulation. In this paper we present a tool to support the identification of strategic sectors and products which if taken advantage of, could leverage development through the accumulation of productive capabilities. Our guiding question is: Which productive sectors should be promoted to foster economic development in Paraguay through a transition towards a more complex economy? To answer this question, we use concepts from the Economic Complexity theory to identify new products and cluster them based on the Product Space methodology for the determination of potential products and combine it with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for multicriteria analysis considering multiple criteria. In doing so, our proposed methodology contributes to both the Economic Complexity and the AHP literature. Through this combination, we tackle the multiplicity of juxtaposed criteria, which should be considered at the prioritization stage in the crafting of economic restructuring measures according to the country's capabilities. Our evaluation showed that the combination of the approaches is useful, and for Paraguay's case, it helped identify sectors, which, if promoted by policymakers, could help boost economic development through complexity and capability accumulation.     

资本成本、可持续分红与国有企业EVA创造——系统框架分析

本文将可持续分红比例估算与EVA价值管理系统结合起来,构建了一个国有企业价值创造系统框架。框架分析与相关数据验证表明,2002～2006年国有控股上市公司各行业股权经济增加值状况较差,资本使用效率较为低下。国有企业价值实现的基本路径应当包括构建与完善EVA价值管理平台、不断提高和保持留存收益再投资报酬率水平、树立全面的资本成本观念、提升对公司业务的识别与处置能力、形成和保持有利于价值创造的财务可持续增长能力等。     

China''s State-Owned Enterprises in the First Reform Decade: An Analysis of a Declining Monopsony

We study the evolution of employment and wage outcomes in Chinese SOEs during the first decade of economic reforms, using a panel of data for almost 1000 enterprises covering the years 1980–90. Unlike the 1990s, which were marked by growing labor redundancy in the SOE sector, we find that CPE-fostered capital-intensity remained so extreme during the 1980s that workers' marginal products exceeded their full wages, just as in a classical monopsony outcome. Consistent with reasoning about the impact of competition upon monopsony, however, we find the marginal product-wage gap declined in the face of market-oriented reforms, and that monopsony was weakest where the state sector's shares of industrial output and enterprises were lowest, and for smaller enterprises and enterprises managed by lower levels of government. Our analysis also supports Xu and Zhuang's (1996) finding that bonus payments increased enterprises' revenues by more than it did their costs.     

Changing Productive Relations,Linkage Effects,and Industrialization

This paper develops a multi-sector endogenous innovation model that is able to take changing productive relations among sectors into account. It is shown that while productivity and demand shocks do not induce any changes in productive relations and linkage effects, shocks in the productivity of R&D increase both backward and forward linkages. Key sectors are characterized as having high forward and backward linkages, which are consistent with the definition of key sectors in the existing empirical studies. However, vertical specialization generates not only sectors with high backward and low forward linkages, but also sectors with low backward and high forward linkages. As a consequence of this vertical specialization, the latter sectors become key sectors, in the sense that they have significant effects on business fluctuations. This implies that general-purpose technology sectors emerge, and sector-specific policies for these sectors play a critical role in economic development and growth.