北部湾经济区非公有制经济发展环境的优化探析

非公有制经济是我国经济社会发展的重要组成部分,广西北部湾经济区的开放开发为非公有制经济的发展提供了前所未有的机遇。相关部门必须采取有力措施,为广西北部经济区非公有制经济的发展创造良好的环境,使非公有制经济成为本地区开发建设的主力军。     

An evaluation of higher education sector to the economy

Economic sectors consider the contribution of higher education sector. The big majority of the students studying at universities in North Cyprus come from overseas and they compose a big proportion in the population of North Cyprus and they contribute to the economy of North Cyprus as well as to the others involved. According to educational economists, the main source of economic development is the quality and level of education individuals receive. The quality of education has a big effect on the socio-politic and economic structure of a community. This, obviously, indicates the importance of universities for the communities and economy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of individual education to economy and the development of the country as well as the positive contribution of the universities to the economy of the country. A case study, one of qualitative research models, was conducted in this study. As for the study group, an “intentional sampling”, a model without selection, model was used. In this process, representatives from sectors, public organizations, and organizations in economy operating in the North Cyprus were interviewed and questioned through semi-structured interview forms. The research data was analyzed through content-analysis method and the contribution of the research has been presented as suggestions for the future.     

A model of Russia's “virtual economy”

The Russian Economy has evolved into a hybrid form, a partially monetized quasi-market system that has been called the virtual economy. In the virtual economy, barter and non-monetary transactions play a key role in transferring value from productive activities to the loss-making sectors of the economy. We show how this transfer takes place, and how it can be consistent with the incentives of economic agents. We analyze a simple partial-equilibrium model of the virtual economy, and show how it might prove an obstacle to industrial restructuring and hence marketizing transition.     

Economic growth and multi-tasking by state-owned enterprises: An analytic framework and empirical study based on Chinese provincial data

By preventing large-scale unemployment during China's economic transition, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) helped maintain social stability, which supported the development of non-state sectors through a positive externality. Yet this burden reduced the productive efficiency of SOEs. Using a simple framework with two sectors, our paper decomposes the conflicting contributions of SOEs (lower efficiency but enhanced stability) to regional economic growth during 1992–2007. We find that productive efficiency in the state sector was lower than in other sectors and identify a significant positive externality that supported non-state sectors. Since these two effects offset each other, the contribution of SOEs to economic growth in China during our sample time frame was not significantly different from that of non-state enterprises.     

数字经济推动区域经济增长的实证研究——基于长江经济带2010-2019年数据

数字经济目前已经成为国民经济发展的重要推动力,研究数字经济对区域经济增长所起到的推动作用具有非常重要的现实指导意义。搭建数字经济发展测评体系和区域经济发展水平测量体系,通过对长江经济带2010-2019年相关指标数据的搜集,测算了长江经济带数字经济发展水平与整体经济发展水平,并对二者之间的耦合关系进行了验证,研究发现,长江经济带的整体数字经济发展水平相对均衡,数字经济对于区域经济增长有显著的推动作用,同时针对长江经济带数字经济助力经济增长给出了管理层面的建议。     

Relating economic infrastructure indexes to investor protection for selected emerging economies

This paper employs four indexes that capture economic infrastructure. Economic infrastructure refers to the quality of economic institutions that create an environment that may support productive activities and encourage capital accumulation. A second set of indicator variables used was related to investor protection, which includes rule of law, judicial efficiency, contract repudiation and expropriation risk. Multiple and single regressions were employed to find out whether economic infrastructure is associated with investor protection. The results are robust in that relationships hold well. Countries included for analysis were 17 market-oriented emerging economies.     

Macro Features of the Hungarian Economy since 1970

With the introduction in 1968 of the New Economic Mechanism, the reformers of the Hungarian economy hoped to solve the eficiency problem of the socialist economy. It is shown that the survival of the previous structure of prices and accumulation and their interrelationships hindered the necessary transformation of the economic structure. Quantitative aspects of this process are analysed using a closed input–output model. The computed price and production structures are in correlation, which is the consequence of such a development policy where industry's share in investments is high when the investment growth rate is high and vice versa. The ratio of the computed disaggregated and aggregated growth rate is defined as a certain efficiency measure, and this coefficient shows that the Hungarian economy could only absorb the import surplus at a decreasing rate of efficiency. Despite the improvement in the early 1980s the question remains whether the Hungarian economy is able to growth both faster and efficiently at the same time.     

A Fuzzy clustering approach to the key sectors of the Spanish economy

The search for key sectors in an economy has been and still is one of the more recurrent themes in input–output analysis. When using clustering techniques, sectors can only belong to a group, having a particular performance. But, actually, the same sector could be important from different perspectives at the same time, to a different degree. So, a fuzzy clustering approach is needed. In this work we propose a multidimensional approach to classify the productive sectors of the Spanish input–output table for 1995, based on three groups of variables: those related to their productive integration, others measuring their specific weight in the economy and finally some showing their economic dynamic. We also incorporate into the analysis the technological level, which being a categorical variable presents special methodological problems. All these questions are tackled applying a robust and fuzzy clustering analysis, which gives as a result a classification of sectors illustrating the role that each one plays in the Spanish economy.     

加快产业结构优化升级,实现经济跨越式发展——对禹州市产业结构的分析与思考

从经济发展与产业结构的关系来看,经济的发展必然伴随着产业结构的调整与演变,产业结构的状况综合地反映一个地区经济具体所处的阶段。禹州市要加快产业结构优化升级,实现经济跨越式发展,既要依靠科技进步,围绕提高自主创新能力,推动产业结构调整。同时,要充分发挥自身优势,积极发展旅游等第三产业,降低对资源和环境的依赖。     

ECONOMIC WELFARE ANALYSIS OF THE LEGALIZATION OF DRUGS: A CGE MICROSIMULATION MODEL FOR COLOMBIA

In this paper, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) microsimulation model is used to analyze the effects of an ex ante legalization of drugs on the Colombian economy. The model consists of 11 productive sectors, 3 different labor force categories with unemployment, and 20 households divided by income and location. Changes in wages and migration are estimated using a labor participation model, and a NIDS estimates the demands of the households. Changes in household economic welfare, measured by changes in income and prices (CV and EV measurements), are very sensitive to the reinvestments that the government makes in the economy. By analyzing six different scenarios with different assumptions about changes in drug prices, investments of the government, and the termination of the armed conflict, the results suggest that economic welfare improves when the government reinvests military expenditures in other productive sectors or when the ‘economy of war’ continues and the legalization does not end the armed conflict.     

THE RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTORS IN INDIA

We evaluate the relative performance of formal and informal sectors in India by looking into their productivity difference. Recognizing the intersectoral linkages in the economy, the competitive general equilibrium prices are computed; these signal the productivities. Our model synthesizes frontier analysis with the general equilibrium approach to generate shadow prices. The formal activities are found to be more productive than the informal. However, the informal services sector is as efficient as the formal one. There would be an overall productivity gain of 22% to the economy if factors were allocated to productive activities. The shadow prices from the model indicate that the formal capital and informal capital are scarce factors, while it has been the opposite for formal (regular) and informal (casual) labour. Formal labour is more productive than its informal counterpart; formal capital and informal capital are equally productive.     

河南省农产品流通体系建设影响因素分析

农产品流通体系的建设关系着农业经济的发展、农村农民的经济生活水平的改善、城镇一体化的进程以及中原经济区建设的成果。文中用德尔菲法和AHP综合分析影响农产品流通体系建设的关键因素,寻找河南省农产品流通体系建设的切入点和着眼点。     

基于模糊综合分析法的农产品绿色物流系统综合绩效评价——以新疆为例

当今低碳经济时代,农产品绿色物流是推进我国国民经济可持续发展的新的利润源。新疆作为中国向西开放的"桥头堡",其物流发展水平对新疆乃至中亚多个国家的经济发展具有重大的影响。文章从影响农产品绿色物流系统绩效的因素分析入手,运用层次分析法确定权重,运用模糊综合分析法,对新疆农产品绿色物流系统综合绩效进行评价。结果表明,新疆农产品绿色物流系统绩效为一般,需要加快发展的步伐。     

Book review

This paper has two messages. First: producer services should no longer be: considered costs or necessary evils in the economy, but he understood as the dynamic cornponr:nts of the extremely integrated system of activities which a modern economy forms. Second: in a local context, producer services no longer simply passively follow the development of the goods-producing sectors, but increasingly play a leading role, partly through exporting thseir services to other regions and partly through the synergies which their services create in the local goods producing sector. Hence, local economic policies should also be directed towards the producer services.     

Technological capability assessment of a firm in the electricity sector

The importance of technological capability enhancement in today's highly competitive and demanding business environment is well accepted. This paper proposes a methodology to assess the elements of strategic, tactical and supplementary capabilities, all of which together constitute the technological capability of a firm. In addition, the methodology includes the assessment of the steering capability of the firm in its analytical framework. The proposed methodology comprises five steps: identification of value addition stages performed by a firm; determination of technological capabilities needed at these stages; development of indicators for assessing the identified technological capabilities; benchmarking the capabilities assessed with a state-of-the-art firm; and analysis of the reasons for the technological capability gap between the firm being studied and the state-of-the-art firm.The development of the indicators is illustrated using a firm from the electricity sector. Some suggestions are then made as to how the assessment exercise can be used for technological capability enhancement planning. Special attention is paid to specific external and internal factors that can influence technological capability enhancement. Policy makers are often interested in examining the benefits and disbenefits of assessment exercises such as the one proposed in this paper. This aspect is also addressed briefly and some suggestions are made as to how problems, that could arise out of the findings of the assessment exercises, may be managed.     

Decomposing productivity patterns in a conditional convergence framework

In this study we examine regional data on per worker GDP, disaggregated at sectoral level, by focusing our interest on the role of differences in the sectoral composition of activities, and in productivity gaps that are uniform across sectors, in explaining the catching-up process, which is realized through physical and human capital as well as technological knowledge accumulation. Our objective is to investigate how much of the interregional inequality in aggregate productivity per worker is imputable to each component. A methodology for identifying and analyzing sources of inequality from a decomposed perspective is developed in the growth framework by combining a shift-share based technique and a SUR model specification for the conditional-convergence analysis. The proposed approach is employed to analyze aggregate interregional inequality of per worker productivity levels in Italy over the period 1970–2000. With respect to the existing empirical results, our approach provides a more comprehensive and detailed examination of the contribution of each identified component in explaining the regional productivity gaps in Italy. It is argued that region-specific productivity differentials, uniform across sectors, explain a quite large share of differences in productivity per worker. However, sectoral composition plays a non negligible role, although decreasing since the end of 1980s, and very different productivity patterns emerge within geographical areas.

Cities in Contemporary Capitalism

This article outlines essential concepts of the political economy approach of urban research and offers critical modifications and clarifications to some of its contentions concerning the functioning of cities as ‘strategic places’ of capital accumulation. The interrelations between contemporary capitalism and urban economic development are discussed at the scale of a transnationally extended urban system. Based on the general context of the global economic downturn, I focus on the role of cities in distinct circuits of capital, the switching of capital flows within the urban system and the different functional roles of cities within the world city network that interconnects cities both in the global North and South. I call into question the established focus of urban economic research on the role of cities as financial and service centres, arguing that cities might redirect their economic development trajectories towards ‘real economy’ activities, in contrast to relying on the disastrous development model of finance‐dominated capitalism.     

Missing links in key sector analysis

In general terms, key sectors analysis aims at identifying and quantifying the economic impact of a sector in a given economy. For a sector, we mean here either an industry or a region, or even a cluster of them. Quite a few measures and methodologies of varied complexity have been proposed in the literature, from multiplier sums to extraction methods, but not without debate about their properties and information content. All of them, to our knowledge, focus exclusively on the interdependence effects that result from an input–output structure of the economy. By so doing the approach misses critical links beyond the interindustry ones. A productive sector's role is that of producing but also that of generating and distributing income among primary factors and households as a result of production. Thus, when measuring a sector's role, the income generating process should not be omitted if we want to elucidate the sector's true economic impact. A simple way to make the missing income links explicit is to use the SAM (Social Accounting Matrix) facility. Extending an extraction methodology to the SAM we compare lost output with and without the missing links. We observe that substantial differences in sectoral lost gross output arise but, even more important, we capture the implied shifting in the rank ordering of sectors.     

UNEMPLOYMENT, TRANS-BOUNDARY POLLUTION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN A DUALISTIC ECONOMY

This study is intended to examine the effects of environmental policies on employment, the use of polluting goods, and the unemployment rate under a model introducing trans-boundary pollution affecting the productivity of the other productive sectors. That model was designed by Copeland and Taylor (1999) , and transformed into a dualistic economy model constructed by Harris and Todaro (1970) . Results of our analyses show that enforcement of environmental policy through control of emissions taxes does not necessarily worsen urban unemployment. Therefore, we show that it is not usually proper to maintain that some environmental pollution cannot be avoided to establish economic development. Moreover, we analyze the effect of some environmental policies on social welfare and discuss the effectiveness of those policies.     

The Second CSF (Delors'' II Package) for Greece and its Impact on the Greek Economy

The Greek Community Support Framework (CSF), which is operational during the period 1994-99, is designed to finance large-scale development projects and investment in physical and human capital in Greece, aiming to gear the economy onto a sustainable path of economic growth and development. This process of real convergence is viewed as a prerequisite for the cohesion of EU and the sustainability of the nominal convergence objective of the Maastricht Treaty in the way to Economic and Monetary Union of Europe. The paper provides, first, an overview of the Greek CSF and, second, an ex ante assessment of the effects that the Second CSF is likely to have on the economy of Greece. The analysis delineates four types of CSF actions according to whether they aim at (i) raising 'hard' infrastructure, (ii) financing 'soft' infrastructure interventions (such as R&D, health services, etc), (iii) supporting productive investment, and, (iv) training the labour force into new skills and improving the civil service. The effects are analysed first assuming that CSF operates only through raising the components of income and aggregate demand, and then by incorporating externalities on the productivity of output in various sectors and the reduction in costs. We find that in the absence of externalities, output rises during the period of the CSF 1994-99 but then returns to the benchmark course without any lasting improvement. When all types of externalities are taken into account, total output in year 2010 will be higher than baseline by an impressive 9.5%, and will continue to grow at a rate faster by 0.26% per annum than would be otherwise, while employment expands by an average of 95.000 new jobs.