冠生园集团“大白兔”硬糖：品牌化决策的选择

本案例描述了冠生园集团＂大白兔＂硬糖系列的上市决策经过。＂大白兔＂品牌原只有牛奶软糖产品,而其主要的竞争对手先后纷纷推出了牛奶硬糖系列。冠生园集团为了适应市场变革、扩大市场份额,拟推出定位于年轻白领市场的＂大白兔＂硬糖系列＂优浓＂新品牌。在新产品上如何使用＂大白兔＂和＂优浓＂品牌名称就成为一个基本的决策问题。冠生园集团市场部采取比稿方式征求方案。最终,立新公司推荐担保品牌战略,强调广告口号与歌曲的方案脱颖而出。然而,＂优浓＂品牌推出市场6个月后,销量始终不太乐观。于是,冠生园集团市场部委托优迪咨询公司进行市场调查,探究个中原因。＂优浓＂品牌到底应该采用何种品牌化模式呢？     

Branding without Unique Brands: Managing similarity and difference in a public sector context

Abstract

Corporate branding requires organizations to focus on uniqueness and differentiation. At the same time, public institutions must provide equal services in order to gain legitimacy. Hence, corporate branding in the public sector organizations has to handle two concerns simultaneously – securing legitimacy and building reputation. We examine this tension through interviews with communication managers in Norwegian hospitals. Despite large investments in techniques borrowed from corporate branding, the informants were reluctant to talk about branding. Instead, they were more oriented towards the universal character of their hospitals. Four explanations are put forward for why branding has an ambiguous position in Norwegian hospitals.     

The influence of branding on adolescent smoking behaviour: exploring the mediating role of image and attitudes

• This study investigates the continuing effects of tobacco marketing communications in a post advertising era, focusing on the constructs of brand awareness, brand image, attitude formation and intention to smoke by adolescents.
• A conceptual model is presented, based on 926 respondents from a UK wide study, to assess brand‐related interrelationships and influences of peers on adolescents' attitudes toward smoking and intention to smoke.
• Results show the strong influence of branding on both attitude and intention, and have implications for government anti‐smoking policies specifically in regard to generic packaging and point of sale displays.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Linking employer branding orientation and firm performance: Testing a dual mediation route of recruitment efficiency and positive affective climate

Faced with competitive labor markets, firms increasingly use employer branding to build a qualified workforce and engage their employees. However, our understanding of the impact of employer branding orientation on firm performance and the theoretical firm-level mechanisms underlying this potential impact is very limited. To address this gap, we integrate brand marketing theory with human resource management (HRM) research to develop a model explicating how employer branding orientation is linked to firm performance through a dual route by enhancing both recruitment efficiency (i.e., external route: applicants) and positive affective climate (i.e., internal route: incumbent employees). The results of a multisource study (i.e., top management, human resource managers, employees) with 93 firms show employer branding orientation is positively related to firm performance through positive affective climate but not recruitment efficiency. Using a brand equity approach to HRM, our results advance the literature by demonstrating the generalizability of employer branding effects independent of concrete brand attributes and explaining the firm-level mediating mechanisms linking it to firm performance.     

Impact of employer branding on organization’s performance

An increasing number of organizations embark on employer branding although this practice is not theoretically supported. Our study explores the employer brand by employing branding that examines the interrelation between the elements and the branding process’ outcomes. Our study is based on the employer branding model having two major components: the employer brand (with interrelated internal and external images) and the efficiency outcomes originating from the application of the employer branding process. Our study combines quantitative and qualitative research methods. The data were obtained from the companies operating in the western province of Sri Lanka. Our findings reveal that organizations with an advanced employer branding strategy have greater productivity than those organizations who lack or have partially developed strategy. Our study compares organizations with different levels of implementation of the employer branding strategy. Special attention is paid to organizational communication and the incorporation of values into the external and internal employer brand.     

Processes of non-identification: Business school brands and academic faculty

This paper examines the internal implications of branding within higher education, a specific context which is dominated by the co-existence of strong professional logics and identity structures. We focus on how and whether academic faculty identify with the branding practices undertaken by their respective institution. The paper proposes a communicative perspective on brand identification to understand how academic faculty relate to and make sense of the brand. The findings, from responses of 65 faculty members at five business schools, indicate widespread indifference and non-identification with brand messages. Specifically, we identify four types of disconnects between faculty members and branding practices of their respective schools, namely ambiguity, emptiness, misalignment, and irrelevance. The evidence of these disconnects, we argue, suggests that the faculty members refrain from relating the brand to their own identities. Although individuals relate to discourses around the brand, these are often not internalized and do not thereby impact on their individual identity. Rather than navigating between identity tensions, they eschew identification altogether. We contribute to research on how branding works inside contemporary organizations – including higher education - through questioning the role of identity in branding processes seen as the management of meaning.     

The Reality of Brands:

A bstract he ontology of marketing, particularly the question of what products and brands are, is still largely unexplored. The ontological status of brands hinges on their relationship with products. Idealists about brands see perceptual or cognitive acts of consumers grouped under the heading brand awarencess' or 'brand image' as constitutive for the existence of brands so that, in their view, tools of the marketing mix can influence relevant mental dispositions and attitudes. Brand realists, on the other hand reject the view of brands as mere marks or names and interpret them as emergent products with properties that afford branding in the sense of Gibson's ecological psychology. Brand strength is a function of the degree to which brands occupy defensible niches in product space. Branding as a process involves changing external or internal boundaries of products. Several arguments are proposed in favor of brand realism. The fragments of an ontology of marketing are developed in a broadly Aristotelian framework. Brand realism has significant implications for a new understanding of issues ranging from the effects of advertising to financial brand valuation, the nature of trademarks, and marketing strategy in general. It permits one to treat brand equity as a real phenomenon not dependent on associations, attitudinal states such as brand loyalty, or spurious constructs such as brand character or personality.     

Equilibrium pricing and advertising strategies for nondurable experience products in a dynamic duopoly

The quality of many consumer nondurable goods or services is sufficiently complex or obscure that consumers cannot completely verify the true quality in a single usage. For such ‘experience’ products or services, the accumulated consumer consumption experience of a brand is an important determinant of its sales or market share. The market share of a brand is in turn directly influenced by its own and the competitive price and advertising strategies, given the different levels of quality (among other factors). In this paper, we investigate the impact of the aggregate consumption experience on the firm's dynamic pricing and advertising strategies by developing a formal game-theoretic model of a dynamic duopoly. The model of competition does not yield explicit closed-form expressions for the dynamic price and advertising paths of the two firms. Hence, we simulate the equilibrium paths using a discrete-time algorithm. Our simulation results provide interesting insights into the dynamic equilibrium price and advertising paths, under a variety of realistic competitive scenarios.     

An investigation into the values dimensions of branding: implications for the charity sector

• Branding is being adopted by charities and written about in academic and practitioner charity literature with increasing frequency. There is also growing concern, however, about the over-commercialistion of the sector and the misappropriation of techniques developed specifically for the commercial environment. Literature supporting the claim that charities are values-based organisations is reviewed and the proposition is made that it is in fact the non-negotiability of charity values that differentiate them from commercial organisations. Given the significance of values in the charity sector, the paper argues that a clearer understanding of how values are conceptualised in branding is necessary in order to establish whether branding is an appropriate and effective tool in the charity context. To achieve this, the paper reviews relevant branding literature focusing in particular upon the delineation of the values dimensions identified in for-profit branding models. To aid further understanding of these values dimensions in the non-profit context and their applicability (or otherwise) to it, the metaphors of brand as ‘mirror’, ‘lamp’ and ‘lens’ are introduced.
• It is argued that in the corporate sector the brand concept has been utilised to ‘mirror’ those values that underpin the needs and desires of consumers. In contrast to the passive mirror, when operationalised as ‘lamp’, it is claimed that the brand aims to influence both the values of the organisation and the values of its target audience. It is postulated that neither of these approaches is appropriate for values-led organisations and that it is only as a metaphorical ‘lens’, projecting the values of the organisation itself that branding offers an applicable and effective model in the charity context.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于餐饮业品牌化发展与商场管理模式相结合的研究

随着社会的发展,各种产业走上专业化发展平台成为一种趋势,如何引领我国的餐饮走上规范、品牌的道路成为餐饮发展的核心,把品牌策略和商场管理模式相结合作为一条探索之路,带动和开启专利意识,打破餐饮界现有的发展混乱性与市场不均衡性,从而使我国餐饮文化品牌化,由此推动消费市场的高速、健康发展。     

消费者品牌广告共鸣的内容、结构及其影响研究

品牌广告共鸣实质上体现了消费者与广告中品牌的一种紧密的心理联系,通过与品牌的情感互动,消费者会感觉到该品牌能够反映自己的情感并且可以通过该品牌为媒介与其他人进行交流,因此会增强消费者对品牌的认同和依赖,获得较高的品牌忠诚度.本研究发现消费者对广告中品牌的共鸣实际上体现为消费者对广告中的品牌理念、代言人、广告形式、广告场景的共鸣四方面,本文把这四方面命名为理念分享、形式欣赏、人物认同、场景相识,并且验证了消费者对这四方面的共鸣对品牌认知、品牌偏好产生显著正面作用,从而影响消费者对品牌的购买意愿.     

Place,Organization, Democracy: Three Strategies For Municipal Branding

Abstract

We develop a typology for analysing branding processes in municipalities: a place, organizational and democracy branding strategy. Our main contribution is to expand the view of municipalities as places, taking the debate on the branding of cities, regions and municipalities in a more nuanced direction. Our findings show that the place branding perspective is insufficient for understanding branding efforts; in fact, organizational branding is the most prevalent strategy. However, democracy branding is also strongly present. Using logistic regression, we conclude that the place branding debate should be nuanced by what we know about municipal size, identity and perceived media influence.     

Lucky names: Superstitious beliefs in Chinese corporate branding strategy for bank marketing

Of all the Chinese supernatural beliefs, name-giving, whether applied to a person or a product, is extremely important, and is often considered to be closely related to fate. To this respect, this study examined the relationship between branding practices and supernatural beliefs in Chinese corporate branding strategy for bank marketing. Analytical results demonstrated that in over 50% of cases, these brand names involved a lucky number of total strokes. Finally, we suggest that the lucky-stroke-number naming strategy can be used as a tool in Chinese brand naming. Especially marketers can achieve more effective corporate branding in the Chinese business world.     

Evaluations of branding alliances between non‐profit and commercial brand partners: the transfer of affect

• There is growing interest in the trend towards co‐branding alliances between non‐profit and commercial entities,which are undertaken by these organisations to transfer associations and affect between each brand partner. Certainly, it makes sense that commercial entities want to gain more from their brands and that non‐profits want secured funding, however, in the same way that the joining of two brands can be beneficial, it can also bring with it major risks when the brand alliance is not well received and evaluations of the alliance are not favourable.
• This research supports the notion that both commercial entities and non‐profit organisations can benefit from a branding alliance, however, an understanding of how these brand alliances are evaluated is important. This research investigates evaluations of brand alliances and the resulting spillover effects for original brand partners that result from brand alliances.
• This research provides empirical support relating to reactions to brand alliances between a non‐profit organisation and a commercial business in terms of how original brand attitudes, familiarity of original brands and perceived brand fit impact on evaluations. While collaboration is important and has potential benefits for each partner—they rest on partner selection and fit between alliance partners. Managerial implications and future research directions are also provided.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Brand orientation in the charity sector: a framework for discussion and research

Some charity organisations are turning to charity brand status, not only in terms of a name and logo but more importantly in terms of communicating value and meaning to their stakeholders. Brand orientation is described in this paper as the extent to which charity organisations regard themselves as brands, an indication of how much (or how little) organisations accept the theory and practice of branding. Through literature‐based and field‐based research, this paper examines the nature of brand orientation in the charity sector. A conceptual framework of brand orientation is proposed with antecedent factors which may augment or diminish levels of brand orientation and consequences which may follow its adoption. A number of research propositions are put forward which constitute both a framework for discussion and a research agenda for the charity sector. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications     

Does Advertising Overcome Brand Loyalty? Evidence from the Breakfast‐Cereals Market

In differentiated product markets where consumer preferences are characterized by brand loyalty, an important role for advertising may be to overcome brand loyalty by encouraging consumers to switch to less familiar brands. Using a scanner panel dataset of breakfast-cereal purchases, I find evidence consistent with the hypothesis that advertising counteracts the tendencies of brand loyalty toward repeat purchasing. Equivalently, advertising reduces switching costs in this market. Furthermore, counterfactual experiments demonstrate that in markets with brand loyalty, advertising is an attractive and effective option—relative to alternative promotional activities, such as price discounts—of stimulating demand for a brand .     

Erklärung der persuasiven Wirkung von Werbung

This article summarises the results of previously discussed and analysed advertising effects using a model of these effects. The model presented includes three mediating variables (attitude toward the advertisement, advertisement cognitions, and brand cognitions) and two moderating variables (involvement and frequency of exposure). We also discuss the relevance of these five concepts. In addition, we present empirical studies to support particular elements of our model. We see the contribution of this model in the fact that it represents a basis for investigating the direct and indirect effects of advertising concepts (e.g. advertisement variation in the case of increasing exposure) and for analysing the impact of recipients’ characteristics (e.g. their familiarity with advertising object or their mood) on attitudes toward the brand. Furthermore, such a model provides an informative basis with regard to the question of which dimensions of advertising effects should be considered when optimizing advertisements.     

生态型地理标志农产品品牌关系的构建

地理标志农产品品牌涉及各种错综复杂的关系。能否构建和经营好各种相关关系,决定了地理标志品牌的成败,同时又由于地理标志品牌的"俱乐部产品"性质,因此不宜采用企业品牌的经营方式。文中认为可导入生态型品牌关系理念,通过确定经营主体,积极构建地理标志农产品品牌与相关品牌、利益相关者、资源和环境之间的关系,形成有利的组织联想,共同做大做强地理标志农产品品牌。     

Brand personality in a membership‐based organisation

• This study employed Aaker's (6) brand personality framework to assess the brand characteristics of a membership based sport organisation in Australia (N=413). Factor analysis suggested that Aaker's framework did not fully capture variations in responses within the Australia sample, and that a modified version incorporating an additional dimension of Innovation was required. This modified factor structure may reflect characteristics of netball as a sport, specific sample attributes or cross‐cultural variations in the brand personality concept. Results indicate that the Netball Victoria brand is strongly associated with Competence, Sincerity and Innovation, is moderately linked with Excitement and Sophistication, and has a low connection with Ruggedness. These qualities are perceived with a high level of consistency by different respondents. The organisation's brand personality as perceived by its members provides a diagnostic which may be used to guide re‐branding, positioning and other marketing strategies. Additional research is required to assess the role and function of cultural variations in measuring brand personality.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广西经济型酒店的品牌构建研究

经济型酒店以低廉的价格和优质的服务成为大多数消费者喜爱的酒店，它在吸引众多投资的同时，也不可避免日趋严峻的市场竞争。在市场竞争中，经济型酒店只有走品牌建设的道路，才有可能真正提升自身的核心竞争力，从而为企业的进一步发展打下基础。文章分析了广西经济型酒店的发展现状，指出进行品牌化建设的必要性，并对经济型酒店品牌建设中存在的问题进行深入探讨，提出应对之策。