基坑支护中挡土桩作为地下室外墙及工程桩的应用

基坑支护的挡土桩在建设工程的地下部分建设完成后就不起作用了,成为废料。而且挡土桩的经济成本比较高,在地下工程中所占比例也很大。对于挡土桩的利用,现根据工程实例具体的介绍了挡土桩作为地下室外墙的一部分及工程桩在工程中的应用。通过应用将很大程度上降低地下部分的建设成本。     

建筑基坑施工中挡土结构设计的优化

本文应用系统分析的方法，综合考虑影响挡土结构安全、经济的因素和施工对挡土结构的要求，提出一种求得经济上最优的挡土结构设计方法。建立了挡土结构的优化数学模型，研制了相应的计算机程序。本文还根据挡土结构优化数学模型的特点，提出了一种含有离散变量的约束非线性规划问题的附加约束算法，并在挡土结构优化设计中实现了这个算法。     

桩板墙在铁路路堑高边坡防护施工中的工艺技术探讨

桩板墙是一种新型的支挡结构,其原理是将钢桩插入到稳定地层中或者通过钢筋混凝土挖孔桩作为主要侧向受力构件,桩间再安装挡土板,利用挡土板后填土并通过挡土板将侧向荷载传递至桩身的直立板条状构件形成的挡土结构物。近些年来,钢筋混凝土桩板墙已广泛应用于铁路路堑高边坡防护中。本文介绍了铁路路堑高边坡桩板墙的施工工艺工法以及施工中的一些体会,可作为同类工程的经验借鉴。     

浅谈水利工程地下连续墙支护结构的施工技术

深基坑工程在各项施工项目中应用广泛，是一项综合性很强的系统工程。支护是深基坑施工的重要组成部分，其关系到基坑工程成功与否的关键。地下连续墙支护是应用较多的挡土、挡水结构，本文对其施工工艺和主要施工方法进行介绍。     

挡土结构的优化设计探讨

从优化设计节约投资的目的出发讨论了挡土结构的常用型式、选型方法,并着重推荐了锚杆式挡土墙和加筋土挡土墙。介绍了采用加筋土挡土墙的工程实例。     

试论城市建筑中深基坑支护的施工管理

高层建筑的深基础开挖，尤其是闹市区的开挖，因四周建筑密集，场地十分狭窄．无法放坡．为了降低工程成本．减少土方工程量和对周边建筑的影响．绝大多数高层建筑都采用垂直开挖。这样给挡土支护技术带来了革命性的发展．采用大直径灌注桩加土层锚杆的挡土支护技术以及土钉支护技术在深基坑开挖工程中广泛应用．且经济效果和社会效果十分可观。但是在实际应用中．不管是采用大直径灌注桩加土层锚杆的挡土支护方式．还是采用土钉支护的方式．施工中因各方面的原因而出现了一系列的问题和矛盾，急需解决、提高。     

整体现浇式预应力锚索桩板墙工后工况力学特征分析

将整体现浇式预应力锚索桩板墙运用在混凝土连续浇筑施工中,虽然可以缩短工期,减少成本投入,但其设计计算方法还不成熟。通过对云南某山区高速公路上整体现浇预应力锚索桩板墙结构形式实体工程系统的原型试验研究,实测锚索桩板墙在不同工况下的内力及填土土压力,以此为基础分析了该支挡结构在各工况下的力学特征,为设计计算方法的改进提供参考依据。本文选取工后工况下桩板墙的力学特征分析进行阐述。     

浅谈土工格栅柔性挡墙在膨胀土路堑边坡防护加固中的应用

土工格栅柔性挡墙应用于膨胀土路堑边坡防护在我国是一种新型的路堑边坡加固防护支挡结构。文章结合工程实例，介绍土工格栅柔性挡墙的试验研究及施工工艺，为同类工程提供参考。     

堤坝连续墙支护结构施工方法研究

地下连续墙是水利工程基坑支护应用较多的挡土、挡水结构,其施工是深基坑支护成功与否的关键。为此研究地下连续墙支护结构的施工方法,对保证深基坑开挖安全有重要的指导意义。     

谈建筑基坑钢板支护结构的施工

支护结构可分为挡土结构和支撑结构两类。基坑支护结构的作用是支挡土水压力与截水防渗,使基坑开挖和地下工程能给安全顺利施工。在施工期间,须保证基坑与围护结构的安全可靠,以免支护结构破坏、土体失稳或过大变形对基坑周边环境及地下结构施工造成严重的破坏后果。为此,现对建筑基坑钢板支护结构的施工进行简要的分析。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.