果实套袋技术

果实套袋是指将幼果套于特制的果实袋内,在生长期内进行保护的技术措施。其作用一是防治果实病虫害。生产实践证明,套袋可使苹果轮纹病、炭疽病、葡萄白腐病、霜霉病等导致的烂果率降低在2％以内。二是促进果实着色。对红色品种果实通过套袋可使得果实颜色鲜艳,如红富士着色率可达100％,巨峰葡萄果面鲜红色。三是避免果面锈斑。四是既可减少喷药次数,又能避免农药直喷于果面,减少水果农药残留量,提高果品质量,增加经济效益。其技术要点是:     

套袋对梨果实品质的影响的研究

套袋对梨果实品质的形成有重要的影响。不同套袋的时期,袋种及去袋的时期对果实的影响程度不同。套袋对果实外观品质的影响包括:果实的色泽、果形果个、果面光洁度;套袋对果实内在品质的影响包括:果皮、果肉组织结构、果实的硬度、糖酸比值、矿物质元素的含量、芳香物质的含量、激素的变化;套袋影响果实的耐贮性及其农药残毒含量;同时,套袋可降低病虫对果实的侵害。     

苹果套袋技术要点

一、套袋前的准备套袋前3－5天浇一遍透水，前回一2天喷洒一追杀菌杀虫剂和有机钙肥。用甲基托布津。灭多威、峨螨灵等为好。套袋前还要进行疏果，留中心单果，疏去小果、病果、畸形果。二、套袋时间根据品种不同、成熟期早晚，套袋时间不同。如金帅早套袋防果锈效果好，而且果实增重明显，最好从谢花后10天开始，疏完果，喷完药开始套，半月内完成；红富士可适当晚套，花后35－4O天开始套，即6月15日一7月中旬套完为好。三、果袋选择一般选择一次摘袋的内黑双层袋，这种果袋在促进苹果着色、抗雨、耐温、防病虫方面较其他类型袋有很大优势…     

苹果套袋亟须统一质量标准

苹果套袋作为近几年兴起的一项新技术,因为能够减少苹果药害污染,提高果品质量档次和效益而受到果农的欢迎。苹果套袋技术的运用和大面积推广,也带动了制袋生产的快速发展,以山东莱州市为例,一九九四年,购进纸袋二万个,一九九年就达一亿个,四年间增长了五倍。如此快的发展速度,是近年来工业生产中不多的,也促使纸袋生产厂家遍地开花,雨后春笋般建了起来。而与纸袋生产快速发展不相适应的是,由于纸袋生产目前没有统一的国家质量标准可遵循,各厂家只能制定企业标准组织生产和检验,造成纸袋质量参差不齐。而一旦因纸袋质量不过硬造成损失,给调解纠纷带业极大障碍。一九九八年,莱州市某村一百五十亩套袋     

苹果套袋亟需统一标准

苹果套袋作为近几年兴起的一项新技术,因为能够减少苹果药害污染,提高果品质量档次和效益而受到果农的欢迎,同时也得到了地方政府的重视和推广。以山东省莱州市为例,全市种植苹果1万公顷,1994年     

苹果套袋亟需统一标准

苹果套袋作为近几年兴起的一项新技术,因为能够减少苹果药害污染,提高果品质量档次和效益而受到果农的欢迎,同时也得到了地方政府的重视和推广。以山东省莱州市为例,全市种植苹果1万公顷,1994年     

果实套袋好处多

果实套代是80年代兴起的一项果树栽培新技术。果实从幼果期就会上特制的纸袋，直至采收果实长年保护在袋内生长，为生产高档商品果提供了保证。其好处如下：1．可避免多种为害果实的病虫害。如梨轮纹病、炭疽病、锈病、黑星病等烂果病，及食心虫、卷叶虫类、螨类、蚜类、梨木虱等害虫，全年可减少打药2－4次。2．大大减少农药残留。套袋后果面不直接接触剧毒农药，加之打药次数减少，故套袋果实的农药残留量极低。经测定，套袋果农药残留量仅为0．045毫克／千克，而不套袋果为0．23毫克／千克。套袋必将成为生产无污染的绿色食品采的重要措…     

“红富士”何以假冒多

“红富士”何以假冒多今年中秋时节，红富士还挂在枝头，而市场上的“红富士”却已随处可见。这当中，主要是一些滞销且保鲜期短的“中熟苹果”。同样是兜售假红富士，经营者的目的和“谋略”不尽相同。北京崇文区的某国营“果批站”把金帅苹果说成是“红富士”，以每斤１...     

果品液膜袋在林果业生产中的应用

利用套袋技术是生产优质无公害果品的重要举措，本文介绍了果蔬液膜袋的诞生、作用和具体应用方式。重点论述了果品液膜袋在林果业生产中九个方面的运用。     

艺术苹果大有可为

在山东省栖霞市,有近万户农民从事艺术苹果生产,年产艺术苹果1亿多个,增加收入近亿元。在苹果上做艺术文章,是栖霞农民的一大创举。据了解,艺术苹果是通过图案设计、遮光图案纸制作、果实套袋、果实摘袋、果实筛选、粘贴、采收、选果等过程,将书法、简笔画、     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.     

Internet professionals: job skills for an on-line age

The paper explores the increasing popularity of the Internet technology Singapore. It argues that the diffusion of Internet technology to South-East Asia would create new duties and responsibilities for human resource (HR) managers. One such duty is the identification of the skills which professional Internet staff would need to perform their work effectively in organizations. Using a triangulation research method, empirical study has identified the new professional Internet jobs which have emerged the IT industry in Singapore and the skills that professional Internet personnel require do their jobs effectively. Analysis of the findings indicates that professional Internet skills involve both technical and creative abilities and that, in explaining or defining professional Internet skills, it is necessary to use both the technical and the social conceptions of skill. This argument is based on the view that the creative skills include tacit skills so that a definition based solely on the technical conception of skill cannot capture the various dimensions of Internet skills. The implications of the research findings for human resource managers are raised.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

关于高校教学秘书工作的认识与思考

教学秘书在教学管理中起着举足轻重的作用,本文结合自己近6年从事教学秘书的工作实践和体会,阐述了高校教学秘书的工作职能和工作内容,提出了教学秘书应具备的素质,分析了日前教学秘书工作中存在的问题,探讨了教学秘书工作改进的方法与途径。     

Sister Communities: Rejecting Labels of Informality and Peripherality in Vanuatu

Some labels have dire consequences. This article takes issue with the labels commonly used to describe the physical and social location of communities living on the edge of Port Vila, Vanuatu—labels that position communities for eviction by entrenching tropes of informality and peripherality into how they are seen and represented. Such terms include informal, settlement, informal settlement, squatter and peri-urban. Based on interviews with around 100 people and two years of ethnographic engagement with urban communities in Port Vila, Vanuatu, I critique the language of policy against the lived experience of those at the urban edge. I use Bourdieu's articulation of power as an accumulation of symbolic capital that enables one to speak the world into being. I conclude that the language of policies and plans is reflective of a dominant discourse in urban studies and international aid, and non-reflective of the experience and identities of people living at the urban edge. My interviewees and interlocutors maintain their identities as sister communities—as places grounded in the formality of customary tenure, and as part of the city rather than outside it.