劳动力市场、效率工资博弈模型及其经济效用分析

本文分析了效率工资的索洛模型和Shapiro-Stiglitz模型存在的局限性,认为由于工资合约具有非完备性特点,通过工资合约对员工进行完全激励是困难的;基于重复博弈理论构建了同时考虑内外部劳动力市场要求的效率工资模型,运用博弈理论分析了企业和员工在效率工资博弈过程中的行为和策略,阐述了效率工资的经济效用,尤其是具有的"事前激励"和"事后激励"两种效率价值;揭示了该模型比均衡效率工资模型具有的更为丰富的经济内涵,认为效率工资需要与其他激励机制相互补充才能实现其激励目的.     

激励成本、劳动效率与自然失业率：一个效率成本模型

本文在对现有的几个效率工资理论模型加以综合和改进的基础上，建立一个同时考虑到绝对工资、相对工资、失业率和监督成本等影响因素的、具有均衡解的效率成本模型。该模型以工人对失业、工资和监督的重视程度等几个特征值为依托，显示了激励成本、劳动效率与自然失业率之间相互作用的机制，具有一定的理论意义和实践含义。     

效率工资、效率工资增长模型

本文首先介绍了效率工资的经典模型——夏皮罗一斯蒂格里兹模型，探讨了效率工资的形成以及非自愿失业出现的原因，及失业的“威胁”作用。另外，本文在符合效率工资模型的基本假定条件下，融合代理理论和强制性储蓄假说，构建了效率工资增长模型，提出了效率工资增长模型的关键等式，且由等式隐含地决定了效率工资的最优增长率。此外，还分别分析了效率工资的最优增长率与贴现率、厂商生产技术和工人偏好之间的关系。最后，探讨了最优就业路径和调整成本问题等等。     

计时工资函数与最优工资定价模型

本文运用微观经济学中效用函数的理论,讨论了雇员工资函数的分析性表达式,并给出了一个满足所给条件的数学描述。然后应用X2分布描述了加班时实际工作时间的分布,得出了工资产出效率,以此作为工资定价的评价标准,导出了最优工资定价方案满足的优化模型。本文的结论对于制定合理的工资政策,提高资金的使用效率有较大的指导意义。     

效率工资研究

本文综述了评价员工绩效的几个递进的解决方法：计件工资与工时研究法、纵向相对业绩比较法、横向相对业绩比较法（锦标制度），并在此基础上运用博奕论的委托代理模型提出了量化效率工资模型。     

农村中小学教师绩效工资存在问题的调查研究

为了保证教师的工资收入,提高教师工作的积极性,提升教师队伍的质量,我国实施义务教育学校教师绩效工资的政策.教师绩效工资在城市和农村地区存在明显的不均衡现象,不同职责岗位的教师对绩效工资的诉求也不尽相同.因此需要对农村中小学教师的绩效工资存在的具体问题进行调查研究,以期能够对绩效工资的有效实施提出一些可行性的对策和建议.     

要素流动、产业集聚与空间工资差异研究——基于新经济地理学视角

本文从新经济地理学视角出发,以单一劳动力流动CP模型和单一资本流动FC模型为基础,将模型进行扩展,研究劳动力要素和资本要素同时流动情形下的产业集聚机制以及产业集聚机制下要素流动与空间工资的关联性,并分析了该模型的长期均衡,构建了新空间工资方程。在此基础上,运用Excel软件进行数值模拟,从而印证了该模型可靠性。     

正确理解劳动力市场价位

<正> 劳动力市场价位是同类劳动力在劳动力市场上的综合价格。也就是说,在市场经济条件下,当劳动力的供方与需方达到基本平衡时形成的市场均衡工资率,这个市场均衡工资率是以劳动力价值为基础,随着劳动力供求关系变动而变动的价格信号。当劳动力需求方与供给方出现不一致时,劳动力价格表现对劳动力供求数量调节的趋势。劳动力供不应求,反映在价格上为上升趋势,相反供过于求则价格下跌。目前,各地政府定期公布的劳动力市场指导价位,大多是通过对本地区职工某一时期的工资性收入抽样调查、统计汇总分析研究后确定的。当然也有其它一些形式,如以劳动力市场上用人单位的报价为主的指导价位和新进人员的上岗工资指导价位。     

科技进步对城镇职工性别工资差异的影响

现阶段中国劳动力市场仍存在性别歧视问题,相关学者多采用差异分解方法对性别工资差异问题进行实证研究,由于难以直接得到各个行业或职业的女性和男性平均工资,而使用了基于模型假设的模糊数据分析与计量以得到近似数据,使得结果与实际有一定偏差。基于此,本文引入工资倾向系数这一概念,并建立测算模型,以精确计算性别工资倾向指数,并进一步建立了回归模型,分析检验科技进步对性别工资差异的影响。结果发现,科技进步和城镇女性就业人员的比例是影响城镇性别工资差异的重要因素,其中科技进步有着更大的影响。     

我国集体谈判对工资的效应研究

本文运用面板数据加权OLS模型及DEA模型,对2007‐2010年全国各地工会对雇员的工资效应进行实证和效率分析。得到结论:工会密度与雇员工资存在正效应;我国大部分地区集体谈判DEA无效;建议增加专职工会会员、优化工会内部组织、提升工会谈判时对平均工资和社保要求力度、充分发挥政府职能为谈判提供有利环境方面进行改进。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.