制造企业服务化的驱动因素及作用机制——基于扎根理论的研究

近年来,制造型企业向服务化转型的趋势愈发明显。本文利用扎根理论对收集到的20个制造型企业服务化转型的成功案例进行分析,归纳总结出制造型企业服务化转型的驱动因素,即制造业服务化的驱动主要来自于转变企业发展方式、提升企业经营绩效、缓冲和降低企业外部风险、响应客户需求4个方面。最后,还构建了制造业服务化的"内部动力-外部压力和拉力"驱动模型,提出了技术创新和商业模式创新双轮驱动、树立制造服务系统观等建议。本研究有助于厘清制造型企业服务化的驱动机制,对制造型企业向服务化转型升级提供了理论支持。     

GVC视角下双边增加值贸易的解构与测算：以中美贸易为例

构建了多国模型中双边增加值贸易的解构模型，并利用2016年发布的世界投入产出表测算了2000—2014年中美56个产业部门的双边增加值贸易及总值贸易的数据，结合中美贸易失衡的扭曲程度指标的构建与测算，从总体和结构两个层面对中美增加值贸易进行了失衡分析和全球价值链地位分析，还原了中美双边贸易的真实状态。结果显示，总体上，双边总值贸易失衡比增加值贸易失衡平均每年高估了20.17%；美国出口中的回流比重呈现下降的趋势，而中国出口中的回流比重则是逐年上升；自2010年起中国出口中的国外增加值率逐渐下跌，而国内增加值率开始上升，这表明中国在全球价值链中的地位正在改善。结构上，中国对美国各行业增加值贸易以顺差为主；制造业的双边总值贸易失衡比增加值贸易失衡平均每年高估了96.30%，并且中国主要制造业部门对美国的增加值贸易出口均小于总值贸易出口，这说明中国制造业总体上仍然需要继续提升其在全球产业链中的位置；在新兴服务部门，美国相对中国处于全球价值链上游，而在建筑业和一些传统服务部门，中国相对美国处于全球价值链的上游。     

中国出口增速下降的驱动因素研究

研究目标：研究2011~2014年中国出口增速下降的驱动因素。研究方法：从增加值贸易视角运用分层式结构分解法（HSDA）。研究发现：中国出口增速下降既有周期性因素，也有结构性因素；其中，国外需求下降是决定性因素，贡献度为859%，受需求水平下降和需求结构变化共同影响；生产分工变化是重要影响因素，贡献度为136%，主要受前向产业关联变化和国内生产分工调整影响；增加值系数变化影响较小，仅为05%。研究创新：基于GMRIO模型将多种因素纳入统一的分析框架，定量分析各因素对中国出口增速下降的影响。研究价值：对处于转型期的中国外贸维持出口平稳增长有重要的现实意义和实践价值。     

煤机企业服务化转型的动因和制约因素研究

制造业服务化转型已经成为制造业发展的新趋势,服务化也成为了制造企业竞争的有力武器。从国际来看,中国的煤机制造业远低于发达国家的发展水平,服务化的转型也处于初级阶段,国内目前缺乏较为系统完善的煤机制造业服务化的研究。本文由我国煤机制造企业服务化的研究现状分析出煤机企业服务化转型的动因和其制约因素。并通过对发达国家煤机制造业服务化的现状的概述。提出我国煤机制造业服务化转型的必然性。     

劳动力成本上升会倒逼制造业企业服务化转型吗?——异质性讨论与动机识别

本文基于2009—2019年中国A股制造业上市公司数据,测算了制造业企业服务化水平,实证分析发现:劳动力成本上升显著促进了制造业企业服务化转型。异质性讨论表明:高生产率、低融资约束和规模较大的制造业企业在应对劳动力成本上升时,服务化转型的意愿更大。动机识别检验表明:劳动力成本上升会弱化制造业企业市场势力,服务化转型对企业市场势力具有重塑效应;服务化与技术创新均是制造业企业应对劳动力成本上升的转型路径,二者间存在替代性。最后提出政策启示:促进人力资本深化,驱动劳动力数量优势向质量优势转型,是弥补劳动力成本上升短板的关键;利用新技术形态创造的新契机,是助力服务化转型迈向高级化和现代化的重要机遇;同时,应谨防制造业企业服务化转型过程中虚拟化和空心化趋势。     

中欧制造业增加值贸易分解、分工格局及价值网络结构 ——基于"MRIO-VRCA-VSNA"方法的多维透视

本文通过构建全球多区域投入产出模型，创新性地融合多种方法深入分析了中国与欧洲国家制造业及细分部门的贸易价值构成、显性比较优势、全球价值链参与度、分工地位和价值网络结构。研究发现：(1)总体上，中国对欧洲制造业间接出口国内增加值的规模及其年均增长率均大于出口国外增加值，德国占中国对欧洲出口增加值总额的比重高达25.59%;中国为增加值贸易顺差，技术密集型部门增加值出口的年均增长率高于增加值进口。(2)中国劳动密集型部门增加值显性比较优势指数较高，但技术密集型部门较低，中欧制造业的比较优势具有较强的互补性；中国多数劳动密集型和技术密集型部门的增加值显性竞争优势指数有所提升。(3)中国制造业的前向参与度总体上大于后向参与度，价值链分工地位普遍提升；中国的计算机、电子、光学设备以及机械设备部门前向参与度低于欧洲五国，但呈现出了先降后升趋势，后向参与度正好相反。(4)中欧制造业价值网络的“中心-外围”结构特征非常显著，德国大多数部门的网络中心度和网络权力指数处于领先地位，中国仅次于德国；中国正由价值网络中的“从属者”向“主导者”转型，双边增加值贸易仍有很大提升空间。     

提升制造业投入服务化水平

全球制造业发展的最新趋势是服务化转型。随着制造与服务融合程度的日益增强，在制造业发展过程中加大服务中间投入，对提升制造业生产效率、推动制造业转型升级具有重要的战略意义。近年来，我国服务业发展逐步迈上新台阶，但制造业投入服务化水平总体不高，与发达国家相比仍有差距。从细分服务业投入结构看，高端生产性服务发展较为滞后，知识密集型服务业投入水平较低。随着新一轮产业科技革命的到来，智能制造已成为全球制造业投入服务化的新浪潮。应充分发挥服务投入对制造业转型升级的作用，用数字化转型赋能制造业发展，发挥细分服务业不同特性，为两业深度融合发展营造良好环境。     

中国优势制造业全球价值链竞争力分析

聚焦中国优势制造业，通过使用基于贸易增加值数据分解的框架测算连续20年的中国数据，分析和评估我国优势制造业的竞争力发展状况。研究发现：在优势制造业方面，中国制造业整体具有明显优势，其中的中、高技术行业相对于低技术和新兴制造业，更具显著竞争力；以核电、航空和高铁为代表的高技术行业、新兴制造业的中间品出口主要是依靠国内增加值的中间品出口实现全球价值链地位攀升，而代表低技术行业的纺织业依靠融入全球价值链保持全球同行业的竞争优势；在全球垂直专业化深化发展的背景下，我国优势制造业中普遍存在参与国际分工的依赖程度弱化的趋势，而竞争力提升和价值链攀升具有依靠国内增加值质量提升的内化特点。     

生产性服务业开放、行业异质性与制造业服务化

生产性服务业开放带来的信息、技术、资金等服务要素流动对制造业和服务业全球价值链的深度融合至关重要。本文基于边境内限制措施OECD STRI，构建服务开放渗透率衡量服务业开放水平。选取2000—2014年37个国家的制造行业的数据进行实证分析，探究生产性服务业开放对制造业服务化水平提升及其结构的影响，并依次分析批发零售、运输仓储、信息通讯、金融保险和专业科技等生产性服务业开放对制造业服务化的差异化影响。结果显示，生产性服务业开放对制造业服务化有显著的提升效应；区分服务来源后发现，生产性服务业开放显著增加了国外服务投入；就不同生产性服务业开放的影响效应而言，五类生产性服务业开放都显著促进了制造业服务化水平提升，批发零售开放带来的提升作用更为显著。影响机制检验表明，生产性服务业开放能够通过溢出效应和成本效应提升制造业服务化水平。本文的结论对中国服务业开放及制造业产业结构转型升级具有一定的政策启示。     

中国制造业贸易流量影响因素研究

近年来,随着中国经济的发展,制造业贸易呈现出快速增长的趋势,在我国对外贸易中所占的比重不断增大。文章通过构建扩展的引力模型,选取中国制造业贸易最主要的56个贸易伙伴,对影响1990年以来中国制造业贸易流量影响因素进行实证分析,发现制造业增加值、人口因素、人均收入水平以及加入世贸组织,是影响中国制造业贸易流量的主要因素。本文试图运用引力模型来解释中国与主要贸易伙伴的制造业贸易模式,找出影响中国制造业出口流量和流向的主要因素,从而为改善中国制造业的贸易绩效提供可供参考的研究依据。。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.     

Internet professionals: job skills for an on-line age

The paper explores the increasing popularity of the Internet technology Singapore. It argues that the diffusion of Internet technology to South-East Asia would create new duties and responsibilities for human resource (HR) managers. One such duty is the identification of the skills which professional Internet staff would need to perform their work effectively in organizations. Using a triangulation research method, empirical study has identified the new professional Internet jobs which have emerged the IT industry in Singapore and the skills that professional Internet personnel require do their jobs effectively. Analysis of the findings indicates that professional Internet skills involve both technical and creative abilities and that, in explaining or defining professional Internet skills, it is necessary to use both the technical and the social conceptions of skill. This argument is based on the view that the creative skills include tacit skills so that a definition based solely on the technical conception of skill cannot capture the various dimensions of Internet skills. The implications of the research findings for human resource managers are raised.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

关于高校教学秘书工作的认识与思考

教学秘书在教学管理中起着举足轻重的作用,本文结合自己近6年从事教学秘书的工作实践和体会,阐述了高校教学秘书的工作职能和工作内容,提出了教学秘书应具备的素质,分析了日前教学秘书工作中存在的问题,探讨了教学秘书工作改进的方法与途径。     

Sister Communities: Rejecting Labels of Informality and Peripherality in Vanuatu

Some labels have dire consequences. This article takes issue with the labels commonly used to describe the physical and social location of communities living on the edge of Port Vila, Vanuatu—labels that position communities for eviction by entrenching tropes of informality and peripherality into how they are seen and represented. Such terms include informal, settlement, informal settlement, squatter and peri-urban. Based on interviews with around 100 people and two years of ethnographic engagement with urban communities in Port Vila, Vanuatu, I critique the language of policy against the lived experience of those at the urban edge. I use Bourdieu's articulation of power as an accumulation of symbolic capital that enables one to speak the world into being. I conclude that the language of policies and plans is reflective of a dominant discourse in urban studies and international aid, and non-reflective of the experience and identities of people living at the urban edge. My interviewees and interlocutors maintain their identities as sister communities—as places grounded in the formality of customary tenure, and as part of the city rather than outside it.