企业的物流成本会计核算问题研究

物流成本越来越受企业所重视,企业物流成本管理随着经济的飞速发展越来越凸显着自身的重要性,理论界对其的探讨从来没有停止。近年来,西方各国学者和专家更是把作业成本法应用在企业物流成本的核算管理当中并获得了成功,从物流管理的转变和发展打破企业成本管理的枷锁,拓展企业的利润空间,提高企业的生产运营质量,增强企业的核心竞争力。本文在对企业物流成本理论分析的基础上,对物流成本的会计核算问题进行了研究,建议在企业原有的财务核算体系中,通过增设明细科目的方法,引入作业成本法来核算企业的物流成本。     

Research on target costing: past,present and future

Although target costing is an extensively studied topic in the management accounting literature, a holistic investigation into its methodological development is missing. Therefore, an extensive state-of-the-art analysis is conducted that focuses on articles in highly rated journals. We determine nine distinct research streams that encompass further developments of the traditional target costing methodology. By grouping these streams into three research scopes, we outline the achieved progress as well as remaining tasks for further enhancements. Due to the abundance of these tasks, we align them with six future themes of management accounting that we identified as being particularly influential to target costing. As a result, six promising topics for researchers to advance target costing are determined. Additionally, our findings reveal to managers of which issues they should be particularly aware with respect to the performance of their target costing processes.     

论企业流程中的战略管理会计执行力

对于企业的成败，战略的执行与战略本身同样重要，战略管理会计的平衡计分卡、基于作业成本计算法的作业管理方法，是企业战略管理的重要工具，本文着重探计管理会计战略执行力在企业物程中发挥作用的途径与方式。     

企业成本管理模式研究——一种战略成本管理模式构想

本文首先对企业成本管理模式的涵义进行了简要分析,然后从分析比较现行有代表性且影响深远的成本管理模式的入手,研究新环境下的战略成本管理模式所应具备的特点,并以此为基础,提出了将目标成本管理、作业成本管理和责任成本管理相结合的战略成本管理模式。     

对医院全成本核算的探讨

在医院现有成本院、科两级核算的基础上,引入全成本核算思想,从医疗项目级别对医院工资成本、医疗消耗和管理费用等全部成本项目进行会计归集,并辅以相关的医院全成本核算的信息系统支持,从而达到降低医院运营成本,改善医院经营管理,提高服务效率和质量的目的。     

HR accounting as a measurement tool

In tracing the history of human resource accounting, most reviewers would agree that the topic is now experiencing something of a revival. This research set out to explore why HR accounting is regarded as important, to whom it is important and its links with organisational and HR strategies. We used a survey‐questionnaire approach to gather data. A scale was developed measuring the extent to which respondents thought each item reflected their organisation's view on the importance of measuring of human resources. Component analysis revealed two reasons why measuring human resources is perceived as being important. The first illustrates the view that ‘measurement reflects the strategic and competitive importance of human resources’, while the second suggests that,‘to earn credibility, HRM must be expressed in financial terms’. Further analysis highlighted the importance of senior management and financial managers' support for measuring human resources and drew attention to what may appear to be a ‘hard view' of HRM held by HR managers in relation to why they consider this important.     

我国企业物流成本的核算方法研究

物流成本管理是企业获取竞争优势的关键因素．加强物流成本管理,采用正确的物流成本核算方法和建立科学合理的物流成本核算体系及核算标准对物流成本进行有效控制,是一种有效降低我国企业物流成本的低成本竞争战略。通过了解我国企业物流成本核算现状．比较分析传统的物流成本核算方法及缺陷,最后将作业成本法运用到物流成本核算中,为我国企业降低物流成本提供有力的理论依据。     

浅析作业成本法在企业成本控制中的应用

文章对作业成本法进行了全面的介绍,认为作业成本法是当前企业进行成本控制的有效方法,也是我国企业进行成本核算和成本管理的必然选择。     

Strategic interventions of management accountants: everyday practice of British and German brewers

A popular stereotype has it that German firms are somehow ‘long-term strategically oriented’ and British firms focus on short-term financial gain. Analysing ethnographic material from British and German brewers, this paper explores how management accountants in the two countries conceive of their relationship with processes of strategic formulation and how they seek to mobilize strategic arguments in their day-to-day contacts with operational management. The focus of this study is not on the strategy debates which one might expect among senior management, but on routine interaction between management accountants and managers in which the mundane events of organizational life are made to happen in the name of loftier ‘strategic’ priorities. From observations of such interaction and management accountants' reflections on them, contrasting ways of integrating management accounting expertise with operational knowledge of the firm are suggested for the British and German brewers studied. Those contrasts are developed by drawing on the relationship between time and the possibility for strategic intervention more generally.     

小议作业基础成本会计核算方法的运作

在现代制造环境下,传统成本计算系统的局限以及作业基础成本会计对此的改善已是不争的事实。作业基础成本法在精确成本信息,改善经营过程,为资源决策、产品定价及组合决策提供完善的信息等方面,都受到了广泛的赞誉。在中国,作业成本法在理论上的研究比较深入,然而在具体应用上尚处于探索阶段。为此,本文将对成本基础作业会计的理论、计算程序及运行中存在的问题进行了简要探讨。     

成本管理新模式——Kaizen成本制度

Kaizen成本制度是日本的Kaizen企业文化在成本管理上的具体体现。本文对Kaizen成本制度的涵义、主要特点、基本步骤、目标确定和业绩评价进行了系统的介绍,对半生命周期模型在成本改进中的运用进行了探讨,分析比较了Kaizen成本制度与标准成本管理、成本企画之间的关系,并就这种成本制度实施过程中可能遇到的适用范围、组织文化等问题进行了讨论。     

论成本管理会计技术在政府的应用

成本会计技术是汇总、计算、分析和解释各种成本的方法,一般包括分批法和分步法、标准成本法和作业成本法等。在新公共管理背景下,政府更加强调成本和绩效,为政府借鉴企业成本会计技术提供了必要和可能,但由于政府的非营利性,应对其进行适当的调整。     

ABC and Variability Accounting Differences and potential benefits of integration 1

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) started out as a vehicle for (i) improved product costing for use in pricing, switched later to (ii) profit priorities using hierarchies of cost assignment, and now focuses on (iii) accounting for capacity constraints situations.

Firstly, the paper demonstrates that the data requirements for these three different uses of ABC can be met by recording the following characteristics of resource utilization in a relational database: quantitative -non-monetary -utilization in the form of ‘type of production factor’, ‘organizational unit’ and the immediate ‘objective for the use of resources'; discharge horizon, absolute and relative divisibility of production factors employed; and assignment of costs to classification objects, observing principles of non-arbitrariness. These features are utilized in ‘Variability Accounting’.

Secondly, the paper argues that, in complying with these principles, the evaluation of improvements in cost-accounting systems is on much more solid ground than if system changes are evaluated in terms of the resulting conse-quences for full-cost product costs.

Based on these findings, the paper concludes that variability accounting can serve as a source of inspiration for constructors of ABC systems when the various versions are merged into an integrated cost system based on intercon-nected databases. It is also concluded that those variability accounting users with complex sales/distribution and production structures may find inspiration in ABC to identify areas in need of improved behaviour, although more research is required in this area.     

Cost management and value creation: the missing link

Understanding of the relationship between the costs of the firm and the value the firm provides to its customers is the key to the ability of the firm to reach its profit potential. From this perspective the firm needs to have a thorough understanding of its activities, their costs and their relation to market prices. Advanced cost management studies and practices suggest a variety of different tools that help us understand the relationship between value and cost. However, most of these studies provide us with qualitative tools only. An exception is studies related to product cost planning, as in the case of target costing or value analysis/value engineering. This paper, while being a part of emerging literature on strategic cost management, extends the existing knowledge of the relationship between costs and value by introducing the value creation model (VCM). In particular, the VCM model defines the firms' cost structure in terms of value added, non-value added but required activities, as well as of waste. A firm's cost structure is aligned with value attributes embedded in products and services. The VCM model seeks to understand the trade-off between what the customer is willing to pay for a product/service bundle (value) and the cost the firm bears to provide what the customer desires. Based on these trade-offs, VCM defines value multipliers, which help the firm determine which activities the firm should focus on in order to develop a competitive advantage.     

Accounting,economics and management in France: the slow emergence of an 'accounting science'

The relationship (or what might be better described as the absence of a relationship) between accounting, economics and management is an important feature of a French tradition built on a society in which accountants have been regarded as the ‘poor relations’ of the business community. This pattern is presented in the second part of the title of this article as ‘the slow emergence of an accounting science’. French business traditions have influenced accounting mainly through the property rights established by the French Revolution. The French bourgeoisie's concern with inheritance gave rise to a form of accounting which emphasized the balance sheet and inventory valuation, rather than cash flow analysis. Throughout the 19th century accounting in France was taught as a technical subject, secondary to the ‘noble’ disciplines such as engineering, law and later, economics. In the mid-20th century, the state, via the ‘Conseil National de la Comptabilité’ (the National Accounting Council) laid down accounting principles under the ‘Plan Comptable’. The separation between financial accounting and cost accounting reflected that between entrepreneurs or owners on the one hand and engineers or administrators on the other. Unlike the Anglo-Saxon countries, France did not recognize accountancy as a profession in its own right until recently. Recent years have seen a radical transformation of French accounting policies and conventions under the combined influence of the emerging requirements of financial markets, the globalization of business and the growing independence of the accountancy profession.     

浅析战略成本管理

传统的成本管理会计侧重于历史成本的、按照财务会计制度计算的成本核算、成本控制与成本管理。往往难以适应战略管理需要;因此,需要顺应战略管理的理念,完成向战略成本管理的转变。通过对价值链、战略成本动因、战略定位的讨论建立起了战略成本管理的基本框架。     

The Impact of Managers’ Participation in Costing System Design on Their Perceived Contributions to Process Improvement

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of managers’ participation in costing system design on their perceived contributions to process improvement. Drawing on the literature on business process management, participative decision-making and self-determination theory, we propose that participation in costing system design fosters managers’ perceived contributions to process improvement through their autonomous motivation for cost management and their perceived usefulness of cost information. Questionnaire data obtained from 170 Belgian managers were used to test the proposed model. The results suggest that participation in costing system design increases managers’ autonomous motivation for cost management and enhances their perceived usefulness of cost information. Managers’ perceived usefulness of cost information is, in turn, positively associated with their perceived contributions to process improvement. The effect of managers’ autonomous motivation for cost management on their perceived contributions to process improvement is, however, not significant. Taken together, our findings imply that contributions to process improvement mainly emerge through informational mechanisms rather than motivational mechanisms triggered by the participation process.     

支撑战略转型的财务管理体系——以电信业为例

作为一种企业的战略,转型成功与否关键在于执行。财务管理是战略管理的执行层,支撑战略转型的财务管理体系必须上承企业宏观的战略规划目标,下达企业具体的作业实施。为此,以电信业的转型为例,指出财务管理体系首先要借助战略地图从企业愿景或战略目标出发,并以此为核心提出整合企业资源的财务目标,形成财务管理的行动方案;以作业成本管理为工具,正确反映不同成本核算对象对提升企业价值的贡献;最后通过平衡计分卡进行绩效衡量,找出能创造未来财务成果的关键性"绩效驱动因素",创建出相对于财务成果而言的所谓"领先引导指标",使财务管理跨越绩效衡量层次,直接进入了战略衡量层次。     

作业成本法在企业物流成本计算中的应用研究

首先对现代企业物流管理以及成本计算的概念以及特点进行简单介绍,然后详细阐述了作业成本的方法论,采用定性与定量的方式对企业物流成本计算中作业成本的具体应用进行研究。     

作业成本法在物流成本核算中的运用

自20世纪80年代从日本引进物流概念以来,现代物流成本管理观念逐渐受到我国企业重视,物流成本被视为企业“第三利润源泉”．物流成本管理已成为提高企业经营管理水平的一个重要内容。然而在新的物流环境下,传统成本核算方法已显露不足。藉此．本文试图将作业成本法引入物流成本管理,建立物流作业成本核算体系,以供大家探讨。