基于遗传算法的包装废弃物回收逆向供应链网络构建研究

随着人们对生态环保和经济可持续发展的进一步认识,面对可再利用包装废弃物资源的浪费和对环境造成的污染,越来越多的人们意识到包装废弃物回收的重要性。文章分析了国内包装废弃物回收的现状,提出了包装废弃物回收的逆向供应链网络模型,利用遗传算法,对模型进行了优化求解,并给出了算例。     

电动自行车电池逆向物流网络优化设计研究

针对电动自行车电池回收网络不完善,电池回收处理流程不科学的问题,以我国现有电动自行车销售网点为基础,以企业构建电动自行车电池逆向物流网络的总成本最小为目标,建立电动自行车电池逆向物流的非线性混合整数规划网络模型,通过LINGO 11.0软件对该模型进行求解,以确定废旧电池回收中心、处理中心数量和位置。最后,通过算例验证模型的有效性。     

A Generalized Input-Output Multiplier Calculus for Australia

A static, generalized input-output framework for calculating simple multipliers is presented for Australian data. In this framework, capital investment and imports are internalized into domestic inter-industrial intermediate demand, non-square matrices are introduced in order to enable the inclusion of finer detail commodity data, and matrices in both monetary and physical units are employed. A range of labour and energy multipliers are calculated, referring to total output, final demand, final consumption, basic values, producers' prices, purchasers' prices, commodities and industries. Uncertainties of multipliers are assessed in detail, using Monte Carlo simulations.     

Reevaluating waste as a resource under a circular economy approach from a system perspective: Findings from a case study

The circular economy (CE), definable as a system focused on the reorganization of material, information, and energy flows to achieve greater resource efficiency through the reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling of materials, is a concept widely discussed by practitioners and scientists of many disciplines. Waste recycling is integral to the CE, but there are still few articles focused on waste, and only few studies shed light on CE implementation at the company level. This paper focuses on a particular type of waste, that is, absorbent hygiene products (AHPs), which represents a nonnegligible fraction of municipal solid waste, considered an increasingly serious global challenge. We conducted our analysis on FaterSMART, an Italian firm that developed a unique worldwide technology able to totally convert AHP raw material wastes into recyclable materials, under a CE approach. The case study findings are based upon semi-structured interviews, direct observations, and analysis of FaterSMART's archival documents and are analyzed according to a framework developed for the research and focused on the place of waste from a linear economy, in which waste is considered a burden to CE, in which waste is considered a resource. The latter case is what we found that happens at FaterSMART. FaterSMART's findings could contribute to open up new management scenarios and stimulate further research into how this and similar types of technology will help societies to change from the “use-it-once-and-throw-it away” mentality of linear business models to the sustainable CE model that fully conceptualize waste as a resource for the system.     

基于家电回收的逆向物流网络模型研究

随着家电产品的增加,废旧家电产品的回收成为一个迫切需要解决的问题。在分析逆向物流网络模型的基础上,根据家电产品的特征,提出了家电回收的逆向物流网络模型;它包括了收集点、检测点、再制造工厂、最终处理点、产品分销中心和销售点。并运用遗传算法,以运输成本最小为目标,对家电产品回收的逆向物流网络的设施进行选址优化。最后,给出一个应用实例。     

Ranking sectors using fuzzy output multipliers

Using input–output analysis to model the effects of changes in industry final demands is fraught with problems, many of which relate to the fundamental limitations of the concomitant linear framework. A further issue concerns the accuracy of the results, a consequence of the uncertainty surrounding the values of multipliers. Such uncertainty can create problems where the values of output multipliers are used to inform resource directions. This paper utilizes (and develops) a fuzzy input–output model and investigates the ranking of industries based on fuzzy output multipliers. The non-triviality of the fuzzy model is exposited in a general problem, where imprecision is defined by a proportional level of imprecision (fuzziness) in the technical coefficients. Through a nascent method for ranking fuzzy numbers, comparisons are made between the fuzzy and more traditional (non-fuzzy) analysis.     

Some Early Multiplier Models of the Relationship between Income Distribution and Production Structure

Early efforts to endogenize consumption and hence to model the inter-relationships between production structures and income distribution via multiplier models are reviewed in this paper. It is suggested that, unlike the multipliers in Pyatt et al. (1973), the so-called Miyazawa multipliers cannot be sustained in the context of a model of the distribution of income among institutions (households, companies, etc) i.e. the institutional distribution of income. They can, however, be sustained within a model of the distribution of income among factors, i.e. the factorial distribution of income. Both distributions are modelled by Pyatt & Round (1979) which therefore provides a more general framework for analysing the relationship between the distribution of income and the structure of production.     

A note on distortions from estimating the regional impacts of exogenous changes in output

This paper demonstrates both theoretically and empirically that when outputs instead of final demands are exogenously predetermined, the traditional Leontief final demand model overestimates economic impact, and even more so in a multiregional context. We assess this premise vis-à-vis the Leontief output model using the 2013 interregional input–output table of the Republic of Korea. We find that from a multiregional perspective the standard Leontief final demand model yields substantially biased output multipliers for Chungbuk Province.     

碎纸片的拼接复原数学模型的构建

本文讨论在碎纸机以不同方式破碎纸片的情况下建立碎纸片的拼接复原模型,以解决碎片数量巨大时人工拼接的难题,本文建立了三个具有针对性的模型。模型一:方差分析法下的碎纸片拼接模型。在以纵切方式破碎纸片的情况下,提取碎纸片左右边缘的灰度列向量,利用碎纸片边缘处为单边同宽空白区域的特殊性对碎纸片进行定位,再利用方差分析法和欧式距离解决了纵切碎纸片的拼接复原问题。模型二:文字行间距一致性的碎纸片拼接模型。以纵横方式破碎纸片,利用同行文字行间距一致性的主要特性可解决横向碎纸片的拼接复原问题,简化了模型,将离散的像素灰度矩阵平均化处理,进而利用欧氏距离对碎纸片进行匹配,得到了碎纸片复原后的完整图片。模型三:二值化Otsu算法的碎纸片拼接复原模型。本文从双面纵横破碎纸片的问题出发,建立了纸片二值化Otsu法拼接模型,先对碎纸片分组预处理,为将复杂模型简单化,再利用全局阈值方法中典型的Otsu法求取碎纸片的最佳阈值,以该阈值对碎纸片中所含灰度值信息进行划分实现二值化处理,将边缘区域明显化,利用统计学方法求取拼接后的纸片间成功匹配的像素点占纸片边缘的概率,最终双面纵横破碎纸片的拼接复原问题得以解决。     

纺织品逆向物流自营模式的成本分析

废旧纺织品的回收利用在我国还没有引起足够的重视,大部分废旧服装被当做普通的生活垃圾扔掉,既污染了环境又造成了资源的浪费,废旧纺织品缺乏有效的回收渠道。政府应尽快出台相关政策,鼓励有条件的企业建立自己的逆向物流体系,并给予税收优惠、财政补贴等。另外,还需要积极探索纺织品逆向物流联合经营模式、纺织品逆向物流外包模式。     

餐厨废弃物的资源化特性探讨

餐厨废弃物一直被认为是无用的垃圾而被随意丢弃,从而引发一系列的环境及危害人们身体健康的问题。文中从资源化的角度对餐厨废弃物进行了全面分析,指出应转变观念,提高餐厨废弃物资源性的认识,尽快将其纳入到可回收资源的行列,这样才能规范回收渠道,减少环境危害。     

ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BASED ON RECTANGULAR SUPPLY-USE TABLES

This paper formalises the so-called Supply-Use Based Econometric (SUBE) approach that allows for the introduction of econometric analysis in the calculation of backward input–output multipliers of the Leontief-type quantity model, using rectangular supply and use tables. The SUBE approach does not require any kind of inverse matrix and incorporates the traditional approach (with square supply-use tables) as a particular case. The empirical analysis shows that the SUBE carbon dioxide multipliers for the EU27 are considerably lower than those obtained by the traditional Leontief inverse. In an application of the SUBE approach, the European economy appears to emit about 10% less carbon dioxide than in a situation in which it would not import any intermediate inputs from outside the EU27.     

论城市固体废弃物的物流化管理

首先。摈弃传统的城市固体废弃物终端处理模式，改为从源头做主动处理。其次，建立统一协调的城市固体废弃物回收处理物流体系。政府在城市废弃物物流管理中应发挥更为主动的作用。     

建筑垃圾再生利用的有效途径探析

随着我国城市化进程的不断推进,城市中的建筑垃圾的产生的排放日益增加,据有关部门估算,建筑施工、装修、拆迁等产生的建筑垃圾每年都有数亿吨,其浪费之大,危害之险,已经到了不容忽视的关键时期。因此,如何探索出一条建筑垃圾再生利用的有效途径,将建筑垃圾变废为宝,实现经济、社会和环境可持续发展就成了我们必须解决的问题。     

基于最优控制的企业废旧产品回收再利用经济效益分析

采用最优控制方法,将企业废旧产品回收处理的过程分为回收、利用、清理三个环节,分析了其回收再利用的经济效益。通过建立模型并求解最优解,表明在考虑环境成本的情况下,废旧产品回收处理的边际成本不仅要包括回收和处理的边际成本,还要包括边际环境成本。企业只有不断改进其技术来提高废旧产品的回收利用率,使废旧产品处理方式的整体变化趋势朝着资源化的方向进行,才能保证这项活动的经济效益,从而使原来以降低环境污能为代价的最终处理方式逐渐被回收所代替。     

Using Charm to Adjust for Cross-Hauling: The Case of the Province of Hubei,China

Data for the Chinese province of Hubei are used to assess the performance of Kronenberg's Cross-Hauling Adjusted Regionalization Method (CHARM), a method that takes explicit account of cross-hauling when constructing regional input–output tables. A key determinant of cross-hauling is held to be the heterogeneity of commodities, which is estimated using national data. However, contrary to the authors’ findings for Finland, CHARM does not generate reliable estimates of Hubei's sectoral exports, imports and volume of trade, although it is more successful in estimating sectoral supply multipliers. The poor simulations of regional trade are attributed to the fact that Hubei is a relatively small region, where there is a large divergence between regional and national technology and pattern of final demand. The simulation errors are decomposed into components reflecting differences between regional and national technology, final demand and heterogeneity. The third component is found to be the least important of the three sources of error.     

A flexible inventory model for municipal solid waste recycling

State laws mandate the recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW) across most of the United States. In order to comply, municipalities recycle quotas of materials, generally without regard to fluctuating prices. An inventory system is proposed that allows municipalities to be sensitive to materials prices as they recycle in accordance with state mandates. A dynamic model is developed that uses historical secondary material prices as exogenous inputs to minimize the net present value of MSW recycling system cost. The model provides a cost effective method for municipalities to achieve their MSW recycling targets. The savings is approximately $1.28 per ton of MSW generated as based on total MSW management costs of $13.5 per ton. The model also allows one to investigate the effectiveness of various strategies for increasing the recycling rate, including reducing the transportation cost for recyclables, supporting the market price of selected secondary materials, and landfill bans on selected materials. Our proposed model may also be used to investigate the effect of market price changes on the portfolio of materials held in inventory for recycling.     

日本城市废弃物处理机制研究

日本曾经历了大量生产、大量消费、大量废弃的时代,面对一度陷入困境的城市废弃物处理问题,日本走出了由单纯处理废弃物的被动治理转向将废弃物作为资源积极推行废弃物减量化、再利用、资源化之路。本文首先明确日本废弃物的分类与处理责任的认定,继而说明日本通过废弃物处理中的税费政策、对城市废弃物处理的规制措施以及促进城市废弃物焚烧处理技术的规范化等手段促使政府、企事业者、市民三方在废弃物有效处理方面达到共识、协同合作。其处理机制值得我国城市在环境治理时借鉴。     

绍兴市建筑垃圾分类回收系统及其模型构建

本文查阅了大量的相关文献并进行总结,以绍兴市为对象,指出了建筑垃圾处理现有体系的回收实践过程中,明显存在的问题和不足。从广义和狭义两个方面对建筑垃圾分类回收系统的构成进行了深入分析,从广义上建立建筑废弃物再利用模型构架。从狭义上建立可操作流程和具体步骤。最终的研究成果包括提出绍兴市目前存在的建筑垃圾相关问题的有效的缓解办法,促进建筑固废行业向产业化方向发展,达到再生资源回收利用的效果和目标。     

Market linkages with fragmented production

I use a Ricardian model to analyze the transmission of technology shocks between countries when production processes are fragmented. The analysis emphasizes the role of three factors in determining how the gains from technical progress are shared between the innovating country and the rest of the world: the elasticity of substitution in consumption of final goods, the elasticity of substitution between intermediate and final production stages, and the pattern of production. In contrast to models with trade in final goods only, a high elasticity of substitution in consumption may be associated with losses for the innovating country when there is complete vertical specialization in production. I also examine the transmission of shocks in a three-country world where two countries are linked in a vertical production relationship.