市场潜能加剧了性别工资不平等吗？

本文首先构造了我国338个城市包含海外和国内市场的总市场潜能指标,并利用2005年全国人口抽样调查数据和新经济地理学的基准工资方程,通过Heckman样本选择模型和RIF回归分解方法实证分析了市场潜能对性别工资不平等的影响。研究发现：市场潜能虽然对工资水平具有显著的正向拉动作用,并缩小了高技能劳动力的性别工资不平等,但扩大了低技能劳动力的性别工资不平等,从而加剧了整体的性别工资不平等,其中对低收入群体的加剧作用大于中高收入群体。RIF工资分解结果也证实了这一事实,且收入分布上半部分（90-50分位点）和工资结构效应对此贡献较大,尤其是市场潜能的工资结构效应贡献了总工资结构效应的60%以上,表明从城市间市场潜能及其对性别工资的影响入手,将是破解性别工资不平等难题的有效路径。     

我国居民收入不平等的测算与分析

文章以我国居民个人收入为研究对象,测算了三种收入不平等指数,并按收入来源法对其进行了分解。研究表明:2009年我国居民收入的不平等程度是比较高的,且基尼系数城镇低于农村;从不平等指数的分解结果来看,工资收入扩大了总收入的不平等;退休金收入减小了居民收入不平等。     

中国地区之间收入差距变化：2002—2013年

本文利用CHIP2002和CHIP2013中的城镇和农村住户调查数据，研究这一时期城乡地区之间收入差距的变化以及对全国收入差距贡献的变化。一方面，伴随着21世纪以来旨在影响收入分配问题的新政策的施行，地区之间收入差距基本上呈现显著缩小的趋势，教育和家庭结构等特征的系数效应对于城乡收入差距的影响正在减小。另一方面，不平等指数分解揭示出，地区之间收入差距对于全国收入不平等的贡献正在缩小。然而，教育的禀赋贡献仍呈现扩大趋势，这也进一步强化了人力资本对于缩小收入差距的贡献。     

与收入相关的健康不平等及其动态分解 ——基于中国老年群体的实证研究

使用中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）2011年和2013年的微观数据，以中国60岁及以上老年群体为研究对象，采用Erreygers指数测度中国老年群体的健康不平等程度，并将Erreygers指数的变动进一步分解为收入增长效应、收入分布效应、收入流动效应和人口老化效应，结果表明:我国老年群体存在亲富的健康不平等，但这种健康不平等程度呈减缓趋势；收入增长效应、收入分布效应和收入流动效应在健康不平等程度减缓中发挥的作用相当，大约各占三分之一，而人口老化效应的作用极其微弱；整体而言，女性健康不平等程度大于男性，而相同年龄段的男性健康不平等程度大于女性。     

欧元区收入不平等测度及其宏观影响因素研究

文章首先基于人均GDP泰尔指数的方法测度了欧元区收入不平等的程度,然后对收入不平等的宏观影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果表明：第一,自1990年以来,欧元区成员国人均GDP差异整体呈上升趋势,欧元启动后差异更为明显。第二,劳动力市场越僵化,欧元区成员国间不平等程度越大。第三,实际有效汇率差异的增大会降低成员国间的收入不平等,反之则加大收入不平等。第四,储蓄率差异和人口老龄化差异并不是影响欧元区成员国间收入不平等的重要因素,同时劳动生产率差异与实际有效汇率不存在交互效应。     

收入不平等度量及研究方法综述

文章首先介绍了研究收入不平等的意义。其次着重讨论了不平等方法提出以来的研究成果,并对国内外对收入不平等的研究成果进行了评述。再次对研究收入不平等的指标和方法及其局限性做了介绍,最后肯定了收入不平等分解方法的成果,并提出了在研究中应该注意的问题。     

中国城乡居民住房不平等分析

随着中国城镇住房分配体制的转型，居民的居住条件在很大程度上依赖于家庭的收入水平，因此不断扩大的收入差距也在无形中影响着住房的不平等状况。基于2002年和2013年的城镇和农村的住户调查数据，本文从住房面积和房产价值两个角度分析中国农村和城镇居民住房不平等的总体状况。研究发现，在住房市场化体制建立和发展的过程中，虽然从财产所有权上的住房均等化有所提升，家庭居住面积有了很大的改善，但人均居住面积分布的不均等程度却进一步扩大。房产价值的不平等分析表明，虽然这一时期居民的住房财富高速增长，但城乡内部和城乡之间的房产差距都急剧扩大。基于回归分解的方法考察住房财富不平等的影响因素后发现，区域差异、收入差异和人力资本是造成居民房产价值分布差距不断扩大的重要因素。     

中国土地出让金与GDP关系研究

研究目的:揭示土地出让金与GDP之间的作用性质和作用程度。研究方法:Granger因果检验,广义脉冲响应和方差分解分析。研究结果:Granger检验结果显示土地出让金收入对GDP存在单向的显著可信的Granger因果关系,广义脉冲响应和方差分解结果显示,土地出让金对GDP的影响大于GDP对土地出让金的影响。研究结论:土地出让金对GDP有着显著的单向作用,GDP对土地出让金有较强的依赖性;而经济波动对土地出让金的影响不明显。     

基尼系数分解分析中国城市居民收入不平等

当GINI系数按组（如职业,性别,区域）分解时,它可以分为组内、组间和层迭项（overlapped）三个组成部分,从文献检索来看,GINI系数的分解方法已有许多,但大多数分解方法不仅不易于理解而且计算非常繁重.本文应用Yao和Liu（1996）提出的四步分解法克服了其他方法存在的缺点,并以中国2003年的城镇居民收入调查数据为例,说明这个新方法可以容易地应用于研究中国各地区城市居民间收入的不平等状况.本文在许多以前的研究未能认识到的层迭带部分有实质性的突破.     

基尼系数子群分解中剩余项的一个简洁解释

基尼系数子群分解的常规方法是将总体基尼系数分解为群内不平等、群间不平等和剩余项三个部分,其中关于剩余项的解释一直为学者们所关注.本文依据基尼系数的计算公式推导出了剩余项的表达式,非常简洁地说明了剩余项的涵义,即剩余项反映了子群聚类后每个收入的排序变化对基尼系数的影响.最后,利用简洁公式本文分析了我国农村居民人均收入在三大经济带之间的交错程度.     

基于收入分布的收入差距扩大成因的分解

本文采用核平滑化的半参方法估计了1987年、1996年、2004年我国城市居民收入分布曲线,并且基于收入分布又进一步分解了导致城市居民收入差距扩大的主要原因。收入差距扩大的成因可以分为两类:一是劳动者的劳动力特点的普遍变化,如劳动者教育水平的提高,行业、职业分布的变化;二是对劳动力特点回报率的变化,如教育回报率的提高,各行业、职业回报率差异的扩大等。本文发现后者是导致收入差距扩大的主要原因。     

非正规就业与城镇居民收入分配：1991~2009年

本文利用1991-2009年的CHNS数据使用分位数回归法及基于反事实分析的FFL分解法分析非正规就业比重及非正规就业与正规就业的收入差距变动对城镇居民收入分配的影响。结果表明：第一阶段（1991-2000）,非正规就业的比重及两者之间收入差距的增加是城镇居民收入差距扩大的重要原因;第二阶段（2000-2009）,非正规就业比重的增加依旧引起了收入差距的扩大,但两者之间收入差距的下降引起了收入差距的缩小,但前者大于后者,造成第二阶段城镇居民收入差距的扩大。     

Understanding Income Inequality in China: A Multi-Angle Perspective

Economic reforms have brought about spectacular growth and vast improvements of people’s living standards in China since 1978. In the meantime, unbalanced regional growth and income inequality have become two important concerns of future development. Most available studies on income distribution have either focused on the rural population or on the urban citizens. This paper stresses the importance of adopting a multi-angle approach to fully understand income inequality in China. We first use some top-down information to form a general picture of inequality for the whole country, and then use some bottom-up household survey data to explain in detail the development of inequality over time regarding rural/urban inequality, rural inequality, urban inequality and inter-regional inequality, the relative importance of different income sources to overall inequality. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Can educational expansion improve income inequality? Evidences from the CHNS 1997 and 2006 data

Rapid education expansion and rising income inequality are two striking phenomena occurring in China during the transitional period. Using the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data collected in 1997 and 2006, this paper studies how education affects individual earnings during the transitional process. We find that education accounts for only a small fraction of the personal earnings and income gap between different groups. We analyze the underlying mechanism of the impact of education on earning. More educated people tend to enter state-owned sectors, have a low probability of changing jobs in the labor market and work less time; all of these will have a pronounced impact on earning and income inequality. Quantile regression analysis shows that the low-income group's education return rate is lower, which helps little in narrowing the income gap. We decompose the earning gap into four factors: population effect, price effect, labor choice effect and unobservable effect. In explaining the earning gap in China, the price effect is more important than the population effect. The labor choice effect is also significant. We conclude that increasing educational expenditure with no complementary measures such as reforming the education system and establishing a competitive labor market helps less in reducing income inequality.     

On the decomposition of rank-dependent indicator of socio-economic inequalities in child malnutrition: Some empirical findings

The persistent socioeconomic disparities in child under-nutrition in developing countries raises an important health policy question - whether different nutrition base interventions are required for different areas? Addressing this question, the main objective of this study is to investigate the trends of socio-economic inequalities in child undernutrition in Pakistan and to assess the causes of these inequalities through decomposition analysis. Using Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, round 2017–18, data this study examined inequalities in child undernutrition through different health inequality indices. Moreover, decomposition analysis is performed by applying generalized decomposition procedure under recentered influence function (RIF) regression to find the contribution of (i) differences in levels of different factors (composition effects) and (ii) differences in the intensity of association between socio-demographic factors and child undernutrition (coefficient effects) to the observed inequality. Study findings suggest substantial pro-educated inequalities in child under-nutrition. In addition, the decomposition analysis reveals the factors such as parental education and wealth status are significant contributors to the observed inequality. Moreover, different policy interventions, for rural and urban areas are suggested. There is the need to design public health, nutrition-based, interventions to overcome rural urban disparities through bridging gaps in educational endowments of rural and urban populations. Moreover, a balanced distribution of wealth might be helpful to reduce the rural-urban gap.     

城市居民财产性收入与贫富差距的实证分析

利用1988～2009年国家统计局全国入户调查数据,本文研究了我国城市居民财产性收入的规模、组成、变化以及其对收入差距的贡献。采用基尼系数的分解方法,将每年的收入差距分解到各个收入成分的贡献,并发现与其他收入形式相比,财产性收入分布的基尼系数是最高的,对总收入差距的贡献也在迅速扩大,这一现象值得重视。本文还分别对东、中、西部地区进行了分析,发现财产性收入主要集中在东部地区。     

Changes in urban inequality in Vietnam: 1992–1998

The urban inequality in Vietnam has declined in the 1990s. Using the regression-based decomposition methods [Fields, G.S., 2003. Accounting for income inequality and its change: a new method, with application to the distribution of earnings in the United States. In: Polachek, S.W. (Ed.), Worker Well Being and Public Policy, Research in Labor Economics, vol. 22. Elsevier, New Jersey, pp. 1–38; Yun, M.S., 2006. Earnings inequality in U.S., 1969–99: comparing inequality using earnings equations. Review of Income and Wealth 52, 127–144.], we identify the contributing factors and distinguish between changes of the inequality due to changing returns to characteristics and distribution of these characteristics. We find that the changing returns to regional factors and to physical assets are behind the decline in urban inequality. However, the decline hides adverse changes from human capital and unemployment. Policies to encourage regional labor market integration, improve the quality of and equal access to education are important to make the equal urban distribution sustainable in the new millennium.     

Who Gains from the Demographic Dividend? Forecasting Income by Age

Changes in the population age structure are known to influence the total income per person, but little is known about whether the changes are equally shared across the population or are concentrated on particular age groups and/or birth cohorts. The answer to this question has potentially important implications for income inequality, human capital investment, and fertility decision-making. We propose a new model of intergenerational transfers which distinguishes between the effects of changes in population structure and the effects of changes in family age structure. Using age-specific data from annual income and expenditure surveys of Taiwan between 1978 and 1998, we show that changes in age structure have had a very favorable effect on Taiwan's income growth. The gains are not equally shared by all age groups, however. Children and young adults have benefited the most, while the elderly have benefited the least. The population and family age structures have independent effects on per capita income; the effect of the population age structure is most important. Generational differences in per capita income are closely related to intergenerational differences in earnings, suggesting only a weak form of altruism. Finally, we predict that, on average, population aging will adversely influence the per capita income growth in Taiwan in the coming decades.