人民币汇率问题的探讨

在不考虑经济体其他复杂因素及其相互关系的情况下，一国货币与他国货币的交换始于商品之间的交换，即进出口贸易。这是最初也是最基本的汇率形成机制。由于各国单位货币的购买力不同，在进行商品贸易时，通过货币兑换比率（汇率）调整使货币具有相同的购买力。比如，在美国一件衬衫50美元，而在中国相同的衬衫400元人民币，那么人民币兑美元的汇率应该是8：1。商品的价格受市场供求关系调整，当需求增加时价格上升，供给增加时价格下降。货币的汇率也受到供求关系的影响，当一国出口商品增加，对本国货币的需求就增加，货币要升值，表现为该国货币能够兑换更多的他国货币，反之，货币要贬值。     

经济运行的脉搏——人民币实际有效汇率

正有效汇率是一种加权平均汇率,通常以对外贸易比重为权数。有效汇率是一个非常重要的经济指标,通常被用于度量一个国家贸易商品的国际竞争力,也可以被用于研究货币危机的预警指标,还可以被用于研究一个国家相对于另一个国家居民生活水平的高低。在具体的实证过程中,人们通常将有效汇率区分为名义有效汇率和实际有效汇率。一国的名义有效汇率等于其货币与所有贸易伙伴国货币双边名义汇率的加权平均数,如果剔除通货膨胀对各国货币购买力的影响,就可以得到实际有效汇     

汇率预期、外汇供给与外汇储备

基于货币资产组合思想和外汇储备供求理论,本文综合运用理论和实证的研究方法分析了汇率预期、外汇供给和外汇储备三者之间的关系。理论研究发现:直接标价法表示的汇率预期波动对非国际货币发行国的外汇供给具有反向影响,而且这种反向影响随着预期汇率大小的不同具有分段特征;为了维持汇率的相对稳定,外汇供给增加的冲击会导致非国际货币发行国的外汇储备增加,但即期汇率的变化方向并不确定;总体而言,预期汇率波动对非国际货币发行国外汇储备具有反向影响。基于中国数据的实证研究很好地支持了理论分析的结论。     

汇率均值回复模型的统计推断

按照购买力平价理论,两国货币购买力之比是决定汇率的基础,这种理论的数学模型称为均值回复模型。本文研究了连续时间汇率均值回复模型的统计推断问题,给出了模型参数的估计方法及均值回复的假设检验方法。     

购买力平价与协整性

作为国际金融核心的汇率决定理论,始终是国际金融研究的重要问题之一,其意义在于它能揭示决定和影响汇率的主要因素,从而为一国的货币当局制定正确的汇率政策提供理论依据。在众多的汇率决定理论当中,影响最大的应用最广的是购买力平价学说。 在理论研究的同时,人们也对购买力平价学说进行了实证检验,有关这方面研究的文献非常多,其结论可概括如下:短期内,购买力平价是不成立的。这是因为汇率是一种资产价格,它能很快地反映新的信息,而商品的价格具有粘性,它的调节则相对较慢,所以购买力     

人民币汇率波动与物价水平关系研究——基于VAR模型的实证分析

汇率作为一国货币对外价格的直接体现,反映一国货币在国际上的购买力水平;物价水平,作为货币的另一种经济计量,反应一国货币的对内价格.在人民币国际化不断深化的背景下,本文通过研究汇率波动、利率变动之间的关系,综合考虑国内生产总值、国际市场原油价格以及广义货币供给量等因素,得出三大指数与国内生产总值、人民币名义有效汇率指数、人民币存款利率、广义货币发行量、国际市场原油价格以及房地产市场繁荣程度呈现长期协整关系,短期内消费者价格指数对人民币汇率的冲击波动剧烈,并在10期之后趋于平稳;生产者价格指数与零售价格指数对人民币汇率的冲击呈现平稳下降趋势.     

巨无霸指数

巨无霸指数（Big Mac index）是一个非正式的经济指数,用以测量两种货币的汇率理论上是否合理。这种测量方法假定购买力平价理论成立。购买力平价的大前提为两种货币的汇率会自然调整至一水平,使一篮子货物在该两种货币的售价相同（一价定律）。在巨无霸指数,该一篮子货品就是一个在麦当劳连锁快餐店里售卖的巨无霸汉堡包。     

人民币汇率购买力平价的实证检验——基于中国加入SDR后的视角

2005年7月开始的人民币汇率形成机制改革使人民币均衡汇率的确定逐渐具有了市场基础。2015年11月人民币加入SOR对我国汇率市场化程度提出了新要求。在这种背景下，使用2005—2015年数据测算购买力平价理论在我国人民币与其他国家货币双边汇率决定中的有效性，同时测算对购买力平价偏离的半衰期，结果表明：人民币与印度卢比、韩元和南非兰特的双边汇率支持弱购买力平价成立，但半衰期存在差别；强购买力平价没有得到支持。     

弹性价格下货币主义汇率决定模型的修改

在货币主义汇率决定模型中,一国汇率同名义货币供给和本国利率水平成正相关,同国民收入成负相关。但该模型从推导过程到实际的检验都不够严密,主要存在两个问题:第一,不同国家经济结构不同,货币需求不能用统一的函数形式刻画;第二,国民收入和该国利率是相关的而非独立的。文章探讨了如何在货币需求形式未知的情况下,利用二元级数展开近似拟合货币需求,并通过该货币需求函数的拟合来体现国民收入和一国利率在本国汇率决定中的交互作用。     

弹性价格下货币主义汇率决定模型的修改

在货币主义汇率决定模型中,一国汇率同名义货币供给和本国利率水平成正相关,同国民收入成负相关。但该模型从推导过程到实际的检验都不够严密,主要存在两个问题：第一,不同国家经济结构不同,货币需求不能用统一的函数形式刻画;第二,国民收入和该国利率是相关的而非独立的。文章探讨了如何在货币需求形式未知的情况下,利用二元级数展开近似拟合货币需求,并通过该货币需求函数的拟合来体现国民收入和一国利率在本国汇率决定中的交互作用。     

Carry-trades on the yen and the Swiss franc: are they different?

Using monthly data from 1986 to 2009 for 11 major currencies against the U.S. dollar (USD), we find that interest rate differentials between nine of these currencies are generally positive (sample mean of 0.86%) but are strongly negative for Japan (mean of ?2.78%) and for Switzerland (mean of ?2.22%). Investigating empirical models of nominal exchange rate changes we find for all panels that about 2% of real exchange rate misalignments are corrected in the following month. We also find important differences across samples and for the two carry-trade currencies the key results are as follows. First, interest rate differentials have a negative impact on exchange rates: higher paying currencies should appreciate, contrary to the ex-ante uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) condition. We find that this result is very robust to money supply (M1) differentials serving as instrumental variables to inflation rates. In addition, these two currencies depreciate slightly when money supply (M1) differentials increase. Second, dummy variables for periods of market turmoil suggest a particularly strong appreciation of these currencies against the USD, consistent with the unwinding of carry-trade activities.     

我国总体并购活动与宏观经济变量的关联性研究——对我国并购浪潮成因的分析

本文对我国总体并购活动与GDP增长率、货币供应量、利率、股价及汇率的关联性实证研究结果表明，并购周期与经济周期具有较强的相关性，具有长期均衡关系；货币供应量、利率、股价和汇率等与总体并购活动具有长期稳定的关系，但短期内，利率与并购活动显著地负相关；货币供应量对总体并购活动有微弱的正相关关系；股价指数和汇率对总体并购活动有负影响，且影响程度很弱。这说明，经济周期和利率是我国并购浪潮形成的主要原因。     

Tax enforcement policies,tax evasion and time allocation

Several studies examine the effect of tax rates on households’ labor supply decisions in attempts to account for observed differences in work hours across countries. Interestingly, these studies fail to consider a fundamental action associated with taxation: tax evasion. This paper introduces, into a general equilibrium model of household labor supply, the possibility that households can evade labor income taxes. We show that the relationship between tax-enforcement policies, the elasticity of substitution between consumption and leisure and the elasticity of substitution between formal and informal work is key to explain formal labor supply in major OECD countries. In a model without informal work, there is a positive relationship between the elasticity of substitution and the tax rate on formal income and people tend to work more. This is the case for the United States, Greece, Finland and the United Kingdom. This relationship becomes negative once informal activities are introduced and the model can explain formal labor supply better in countries where agents work relative less, i.e., in Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Spain, Norway and Sweden. We also obtain estimates of hours worked in the informal sector for these countries.     

The impact of macro news and central bank communication on emerging European forex markets

We employ a two-stage empirical strategy to analyze the impact of macroeconomic news and central bank communication on the exchange rates of three Central and Eastern European (CEE) currencies against the euro. First we estimate the nominal equilibrium exchange rate based on a monetary model. Second, we employ a high-frequency GARCH model to estimate the effects of the news and communication along with the estimated exchange rate misalignment on the exchange rate as well as its volatility. The analysis is performed during the pre-crisis (2004–2007) and crisis (2008–2009) periods. CEE currencies react to macroeconomic news during both periods in an intuitive manner that corresponds to exchange rate-related theories. However, the responsiveness of the currencies to central bank verbal interventions becomes important only during the crisis period.     

How useful is an Asian Currency Unit (ACU) index for surveillance in East Asia?

An Asian Currency Unit (ACU) index is constructed using an alternative procedure which minimizes a basket or portfolio of assets expressed in terms of national currencies. Using this estimated ACU index and an ACU deviation indicator, the main finding of this study based on the current trajectory of East Asian currencies relative to this regional ACU benchmark is that there is a formation of two contrasting groups of countries in the region—one group of strong currencies and one group of weak currencies. We emphasize that this contrasting trajectory in East Asian intra-regional exchange rates implies disturbed competitive trading relationships in the region, which may result in wasteful beggar-thy-neighbor policies. As emphasized in other recent studies (e.g., Kawai and Takagi, 2012), the region needs a framework for exchange rate policy coordination that will promote intra-regional exchange rate stability. We suggest two important ways in which the region can capitalize on using an ACU index for surveillance purposes in the immediate term. One way is to assess “over- and undervaluation” of individual currencies from the regional ACU average. The other is to use it as a monitoring device for excessive flows of international capital within the region.     

How does interest rate policy affect inflation? A simple general equilibrium model with the interest rate as the policy instrument

This paper analyses the connection between the assumptions often made on the utility functions of economic agents when general equilibrium is considered. Concretely, we analyse the effect of certain assumptions regarding the elasticity of marginal utility for both the existence of equilibrium and, assuming equilibrium exists, for the effect that raising the nominal interest rate has on the equilibrium inflation rate. Typical macroeconomic wisdom states that an increase in the interest rate will decrease inflation, and this seems to have been the basis for real-life macroeconomic policy in several countries. However, this wisdom is based on models in which the money supply, and not the interest rate, is the policy instrument. Using a very simple general equilibrium model of intertemporal consumption, this paper finds sufficient conditions for the negative relationship to hold (and for it not to hold) in the short run, when monetary policy is characterised by a given nominal interest rate. Above all, it is shown how the relative risk aversion characteristics that are assumed of the economic agents are important.     

What is behind the real appreciation of the accession countries’ currencies?: An investigation of the PPI-based real exchange rate

In the paper, we calculate real equilibrium exchange rates (EER) for EU accession countries and compare these with the actual exchange rate movements since the mid-1990s. The real equilibrium exchange rates are derived from models of macroeconomic balance and tested for econometrically. It is found that productivity increases can be regarded as one source of the observed PPI-based real appreciation of the accession countries’ currencies. These productivity gains experienced in the process of economic catch-up imply an increased capacity to produce high-quality export goods and are a key driving force of exports. To a large extent real appreciation can, therefore, be viewed as an equilibrium phenomenon.     

Adaptive learning and monetary exchange

This paper investigates three classic questions in monetary theory: How can an intrinsically worthless asset, such as fiat money, maintain value as a medium of exchange? What are the short-run and long-run effects of a change in the money supply? What is the social cost of inflation? I answer these questions using a microfounded model of monetary exchange that replaces the rational expectations assumption with an adaptive learning rule. First, I show that monetary exchange is a robust arrangement in the sense that agents are able to learn the stationary monetary equilibrium while the non-monetary equilibrium is unstable under learning. Second, an unanticipated monetary injection has real effects in the short-run because learning the value of money takes time. In the long run, agents successfully learn the value of money, hence money is neutral. Third, under a constant money growth policy, an increase in the growth rate of money increases output in the short-run producing a short-run Phillips curve. A ten percent increase in the money growth rate has a social cost of 0.41 percent of output per year. Alternatively, a ten percent decrease in the money growth rate has a social benefit of 0.37 percent of output per year.     

Equilibrium exchange rates in transition countries: Evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel models

We use a dynamic heterogeneous panel model to estimate real equilibrium exchange rates for advanced transition countries. Our method is based on out-of-sample estimations from middle-income and high-income countries, and we use a Pooled Mean Group estimator. We find that exchange rates in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia have converged in recent years with real equilibrium exchange rates expressed in the US dollars. Yet, in 2002, they were overvalued in Hungary but undervalued in Slovenia. We also find that the currencies of the transition countries studied, except Slovenia, were overvalued in 2002 if real effective exchange rates were used. In particular, the Hungarian currency was found to have the largest extent of misalignment.     

对中国通货膨胀的实证研究——从一般到特殊的建模方法

本文采用从一般到特殊的建模方法,利用PcGets软件,实证考察了1994~2009年中国通货膨胀与货币供应、产出缺口、汇率和国际原油价格之间的联系。研究表明,通货膨胀和货币供应之间存在长期稳定的正相关关系,但通货膨胀并不完全是货币现象。除货币供应外,还有其他更多重要变量共同决定通货膨胀的变化。产出缺口与通货膨胀之间存在显著关系,因而不能忽视汇率因素对通货膨胀的影响等。