物化性技术进步与我国工业生产率增长

物化于设备资本中的技术进步是影响生产率增长的重要变量。本文对Solow的时期性增长模型进行了扩展，并据此分析了物化性技术进步在我国工业劳动生产率增长和全要素生产率（TFP）增长中的作用。研究认为，要保持我国工业的持续性增长，必须改进资本投资结构，注重效率资本的积累，加大对物化有最新技术的设备投入，这样既可以提高生产率，也可以缓解资源供给限制给经济增长带来的压力。     

国际贸易、技术进步和中国工业行业的生产率增长

内生增长理论认为技术进步是经济增长最为重要的助推力,推动技术进步的力量是对研发的投资和国际贸易的发展。随着经济贸易与信息技术的飞速发展,社会对国际贸易、技术进步的关注程度日渐提升。通过深入分析国际贸易与工业行业生产率之间的关系,可以有针对性地应用有效手段对国际贸易进行调整,使其可以继续带动技术的进步并促进工业行业生产率的提升。基于此,论文探究了我国国际贸易、技术进步与工业行业生产率增长的关系,阐述了国际贸易、技术进步对于工业行业生产率的真实影响。     

生产比较优势、棘轮效应与中国工业技术进步的资本偏向

本文基于随机前沿分析方法测算了中国工业行业的要素偏向技术进步指数,并试图通过考察相关因素对技术进步偏向的影响对上述问题进行解答。研究发现,中国工业部门整体技术进步偏向于资本,但是偏向程度呈现逐年减弱的的趋势,不同行业技术进步的资本偏向程度差异较大,少数行业已经出现劳动偏向型的技术特征;工业行业技术进步的要素偏向具有明显的路径依赖特征,工资扭曲和要素禀赋结构弱化了技术进步的资本偏向性,而创新投入、行业竞争强度、环境规制强度与国有经济比重等因素则强化了技术进步的资本偏向性;中国工业技术进步的资本偏向在更深层次上是在特定的历史背景下,由行业竞争所引致的“生产比较优势”和生产习惯的“棘轮效应”所决定的。     

自主R & D、技术引进和生产率增长——对中国分行业大中型工业企业的实证研究

本文运用DEA思想将中国32个分行业大中型工业企业的生产率增长进行分解,并在此基础上,对自主R&D、国外技术引进的产出和生产率回报率进行了实证研究.我们发现尽管高R & D投资行业具有更高的生产率增长,但R & D投资并不是造成增长的原因;如果各R & D投资的产出回报率为负值,R & D投资强度太大和预算软约束等则是主要的原因.同时,研究还发现国外技术引进只对技术进步有促进作用,自主R & D和国内技术购买的生产率回报率较差.     

自主R＆D、技术引进和生产率增长——对中国分行业大中型工业企业的实证研究

本文运用DEA思想将中国32个分行业大中型工业企业的生产率增长进行分解，并在此基础上，对自主R＆D、国外技术引进的产出和生产率回报率进行了实证研究。我们发现尽管高R＆D投资行业具有更高的生产率增长，但R＆D投资并不是造成增长的原因；如果各R＆D投资的产出回报率为负值，R＆D投资强度太大和预算软约束等则是主要的原因。同时，研究还发现国外技术引进只对技术进步有促进作用，自主R＆D和国内技术购买的生产率回报率较差。     

外商直接投资与我国产业内技术二元结构——基于DEA方法的证据

本文应用数据包络分析方法,分析了我国工业行业中内外资企业技术水平及发展趋势。结果表明,在绝大多数外商直接投资较为显著的行业,都不同程度地存在技术二元结构:外商直接投资企业居于行业内技术领先地位是行业技术进步的主导力量,内资企业的技术则较为落后;我们同时也发现,内资部门的全要素生产率增长速度较快,因此这种格局在大多数行业呈逐渐弱化的趋势,但是在高技术领域,内资企业的技术赶超效应相对较弱,有的行业中内外资企业技术差距甚至进一步扩大,二元结构特征进一步强化。因此如何加快高科技行业内资部门的技术进步,是亟待解决的问题。     

OFDI逆向技术溢出与民营企业技术进步——基于浙江的实证研究

在测算浙江民营企业全要素生产率(TFP)的基础上,实证检验对外直接投资(OFDI)对浙江民营企业技术进步的逆向溢出效应。结果发现,浙江对外直接投资增长率与民营企业全要素生产率增长率之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,但是相关系数并不高。结合浙江民营企业"走出去"的实际情况,文章认为主要原因是我国民营企业对外直接投资还处于初级阶段,参与国外生产和技术研发的比例还比较低,因此对技术进步的影响系数还不高。政府应积极引导,推动民营企业在生产、研发等领域加大对外投资,提高对外直接投资对于技术进步的贡献度。     

国际技术外溢渠道的实证研究

本文在对相关文献进行梳理的基础上,测算了中国1985-2005年间通过外国直接投资、对外直接投资、出口贸易和进口贸易四种渠道溢出的外国研发资本存量,并采用国际R＆D溢出回归框架实证分析了各种渠道的技术外溢对于中国全要素生产率的影响。研究结果表明,国内的研发支出是促进全要素生产率增长的最重要因素,通过外国直接投资和出口贸易渠道的技术外溢是全要素生产率增长的重要源泉,但是以对外直接投资和进口贸易为传导机制的国际研发溢出并没有对我国的技术进步起到促进作用。     

要素禀赋、适宜技术与珠三角产业结构调整

根据国内外产业结构和技术结构升级规律,珠三角进行产业结构调整时必须遵循自身要素禀赋结构,在经济剩余和储蓄不断增强的条件下,促进储蓄向投资转化,深化珠三角的物质资本和人力资本,提高全要素生产率。     

引进式技术进步下的中国工业生产率与通货膨胀率关系研究

在引进式技术进步条件下,中国工业生产率与通货膨胀率存在复杂的关系:两者在短期内表现出显著的正相关关系,并形成“生产率—通货膨胀率”螺旋;而在长期却表现出不显著的负相关关系.引进技术是中国工业行业生产率提高主要来源,短期内大量技术引进会引起投资的增加和上游原材料的增加从而推高工业品价格水平;长期对引进技术的吸收,会提高生产率从而消化通货膨胀的压力.但长期看,生产率对通货膨胀率的负向影响不显著,这表明中国对于引进的技术吸收不充分,没有对生产率的提高起到充分的作用.     

Is technical change embodied in the capital stock or new investment?

The question of technical change and productivity growth is one of the fundamental empirical issues of our time. Surprisingly, Solow's original question of whether technical change is embodied in investment or the entire capital stock has been largely neglected. This paper seeks to bridge the early work of Solow and others on the extent of embodiment of technical change with the more modern approach to estimating the structure of production and technical change using multifactor cost functions. We also attempted to identify the source and structural nature of embodied technical change by decomposing it. Our theoretical model is applied to a pooled cross-section of six OECD countries for the 1965–1989 period. Our preferred model is one of full factor-augmenting embodied technical change because technical change augmenting the entire capital stock tends to overstate quality change in the aggregate capital stock more than that embodied in new investment. This model specification supports the view that technical change is embodied in the stock of capital structure and is embodied in new investment of capital equipment.     

The impact of embodied and disembodied technical progress on productivity gaps—An applied general equilibrium analysis for Germany and Spain

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of disembodied and of capital embodied technical progress on the closing of international productivity gaps. Within the framework of a partial equilibrium model the direct effect of technical progress on the change of productivity gaps can be calculated directly. However, since the two types of technical progress affect unit costs of industries differently, and hence the system of relative prices, an applied general equilibrium model is required in order to measure the indirect effect of technical progress on the change in productivity gaps. We employ variable cost functions with quasi-fixed effective capital, depending on the rate of embodied technical change, in order to generate a system of prices. Based on similarly structured applied general equilibrium models for Spain and Germany, we quantify the effects of sectoral embodied or disembodied technical change on reduction in national inflation as well as the effect on closing productivity gaps.     

Endogenous International Technology Spillovers and Biased Technical Change in Agriculture

This paper analyzes trade-related knowledge flows from an innovating country to other countries. It is assumed that knowledge is embodied in commodities traded between countries and that the potential productivity of this knowledge is determined by the local usability of foreign technologies. The usability of foreign knowledge is dependent on the local absorption capacity (such as knowledge infrastructure and human capital) and on structural differences (factor endowments or climate) between countries. In agriculture, a large portion of the knowledge is embodied in inputs which cause factor-biased technical change in the receiving sectors. Trade-related knowledge transmission is introduced in an applied multi-region general equilibrium model (GTAP) to study the macro-economic and sectoral impacts of knowledge spillovers and of trade policies. Endogenous embodied technology spillovers bear some important implications for trade policy, because protective measures preclude countries not only from cheaper imports but also from foreign technologies.     

Embodying Embodiment in a Structural,Macroeconomic Input-Output Model

In this paper, I develop a regression-based system of labour productivity equations that account for capital-embodied technological change and I incorporate this system into IDLIFT, a structural, macroeconomic input-output model of the US economy. Builders of regression-based forecasting models have long had difficulty finding labour productivity equations that exhibit the "Solowian' property that movements in investment should cause accompanying movements in labour productivity. The production theory developed by Solow and others dictates that this causation is driven by the effect of traditional capital deepening as well as technological change embodied in capital. Lack of measurement of the latter has hampered the ability of researchers to estimate properly the productivity-investment relationship. Recent research by Wilson (2001) has alleviated this difficulty by estimating industry-level embodied technological change. In this paper, I utilize those estimates to construct capital stocks adjusted for technological change and then use these adjusted stocks to estimate Solow-type labour productivity equations. It is shown that replacing IDLIFT's former productivity equations, based on changes in output and time trends, with the new equations, results in a convergence between the dynamic behaviour of the model and that predicted by traditional (Solowian) production theory.     

Decomposing profit change: Konüs,Bennet and Luenberger indicators

We introduce complementary decompositions of profit change that, relying on the duality between the profit function and the directional distance function, shed light on the different sources of profit growth including measures of technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and technological change. Our decompositions extend the literature on Konüs and Bennet quantity and price indicators to profit change. The first decomposition is ‘exact’ in the sense of Diewert, by completely exhausting the sources of profit change into profit inefficiency change (including technical and allocative inefficiency change), technological change, and output and input price change. The second decomposition equates the Bennet quantity indicator to a productivity measure represented by the Luenberger indicator plus allocative inefficiency change. We deem it ‘complete’ because in contrast to the existing literature, it retains the information on allocative inefficiency change while preventing the existence of residual terms capturing price variations, whose meaningful interpretation has not been addressed until now. Our proposed solution takes advantage of the flexibility of the directional distance function when choosing a suitable directional vector. All decompositions have the same structural form and therefore their components can be compared to each other vis-à-vis, providing alternative measures of equivalent sources of profit growth.     

Labor productivity convergence in the Kansas farm sector: a three-stage procedure using data envelopment analysis and semiparametric regression analysis

This paper employs a three stage procedure to investigate labor productivity growth and convergence in the Kansas farm sector for a balanced panel of 564 farms for the period 1993?C2007. In the first stage, Data Envelopment Analysis is used to compute technical efficiency indices. In the second stage, labor productivity growth is decomposed into components attributable to efficiency change, technical change, and factor intensity. The third stage employs both parametric and semiparametric regression analyses to investigate convergence in labor productivity growth and the contribution of each of the three components to the convergence process. Factor intensity and efficiency change are found to be sources of labor productivity convergence while technical change is found to be a source of divergence. Policies that encourage investment in capital goods may help to mitigate disparities in labor productivity across the farm sector.     

FDI与出口贸易结构关系研究(1978～2005年)——基于DLM与TVP模型的检验

本文分析初级产品、工业制品出口贸易结构及出口贸易方式结构变化,并研究其变化原因,同时借助分布滞后模型及变参数经济计量模型,探讨1978年以来FDI对出口贸易结构变化的影响。研究认为出口贸易存在巨大利润空间与政策空间,并促成外资流入规模逐年扩大;但伴随着外资的流入,出口贸易结构并未优化,需要通过政策措施调整FDI的流入规模与方向,进一步实现贸易结构升级。     

Feasibility and optimality of the initial capital stock in the Ramsey vintage capital model

Using a discrete-time version of the Ramsey Vintage Capital Model we provide a characterization of the set of initial capital stocks compatible with a predefined scrapping time, given the rate of technical progress and the level of capital productivity. Each profile of initial capital stock in that set generates a complete infinite horizon feasible capital path. From that characterization, we prove the existence of a minimum value for the scrapping time of the machines compatible with the rate of technological progress. Moreover, for each level of capital productivity, there exists an upper bound for the technological progress which allows the existence of feasible capital paths with full employment. Finally, we transform the infinite horizon dynamic programming problem into one of finite dimension. We use this to find the optimal lifetime for the machines as well as the optimal composition of the initial capital stocks. A numerical example shows that, in accordance with the infinite horizon approach to the problem, the increase in the rate of technological progress leads to a decrease in optimal scrapping time of capital goods.     

Technical efficiency in texas nursing facilities: A stochastic production frontier approach

A rapidly aging U. S. population is straining the resources available for long term care and increasing the urgency of efficient operations in nursing homes. The scope for productivity improvements can be examined by estimating a stochastic frontier production function. We apply the methods of maximum likelihood and quantile regression to a panel of Texas nursing facilities and infer that the average productivity shortfall due to avoidable technical inefficiency is at least 8 percent and perhaps as large as 20 percent. Non-profit facilities are notably less productive than comparable facilities operated for profit, and the industry has constant returns to scale.     

Comparisons of agricultural productivity growth in China and India

We measure and compare agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) growth and its components (efficiency and technical change) in China and India and test the TFP series for the existence of structural breaks relating the evolution of TFP to policy milestones. Our results show that agricultural TFP growth accelerates in China after 1979 and in India after 1974, although China’s agricultural sector clearly outperforms India’s. The main explanation of these differentials is that agricultural growth in China benefited from more fundamental institutional and policy reforms in agriculture than India. There is some evidence that the transformation of industry in China was also important for agricultural TFP growth. Manufacture growth absorbed labor and reduced employment in agriculture, creating incentives for capital investment and technical change that kept output per worker in agriculture growing at high rates. Fewer changes in agricultural policies and in the dynamics of manufacturing in India resulted in slower growth in agricultural productivity, despite policy changes that accelerated economic growth in recent years.