人工智能技术与人力资源管理实践:影响逻辑与模式演变

人力资源管理的演变与科技革命密切相关。当前,代表最新技术力量的人工智能已进入工作场所。这些技术将如何影响人力资源管理实践,是否会带来人力资源管理模式的变革,这一问题受到学术界越来越多关注。本文采取弱技术决定论视角,重视技术的异质性、技术的应用以及情境的差异,循着"技术路线"-"技术应用"-"技术影响"-"模式变革"的框架展开研究。首先对人工智能三大技术流派进行介绍,通过纵向梳理三者的发展轨迹,深入对比三者的技术差异。接着从技术应用出发,逐一分析各流派影响人力资源管理实践的具体逻辑,并辨析这种影响是否会带来人力资源管理模式的变革。最后,本文指出人工智能时代并不存在一个绝对的人力资源管理模式,人力资源管理究竟会演化为何种模式与工作的智能化程度密切相关。在此基础上,本文尝试构建了一个人工智能时代人力资源管理模式演变的分析框架,并对甄别到的四种典型情境下的人力资源管理模式进行介绍,以期对未来研究有所启示。本文通过考察人工智能技术对企业人力资源管理的影响,在理论上丰富了人工智能时代的技术与组织研究。     

数字资本理论的兴起与发展

数字经济时代,依托数字技术推进管理变革成为企业价值管理的现实基础。数字技术资源的价值创造以资本转化为前提,因而数字资本才是企业价值的承担者。但现有相关研究缺乏清晰的逻辑主线与理论框架,因此有必要通过查阅国内外相关经典文献,以数字资本的形成、内涵、测度、作用机制为逻辑主线进行系统梳理与分析,建立数字资本研究框架,指出其中存在的不足,并展望未来研究方向。     

利益平衡与逻辑平衡——劳动关系平衡理论探讨及其启示

美国劳动关系平衡理论不仅继承了美国多元主义理论的传统,又提出了依靠"权利平衡"实现"利益平衡"的理论逻辑。然而,大量劳动关系的实践证明,劳动关系主体之间的权力关系与不同主体所持参考系(frameofreference)的不同对该理论解释力提出了理论挑战。基于对该理论贡献及缺陷的分析,本文以中国劳资冲突为例,认为需要融合"主体逻辑平衡"概念从而增强平衡理论在中国情境下的解释力。     

基于ser-M范式的劳动关系理论分析框架

本文从我国劳动关系理论研究所面临的现实困境出发,认为劳动关系理论研究的重点在于论证并通过经验数据验证清楚劳动关系的形成机制以及其对不同层面的竞争力的影响机制。通过梳理竞争力的相关研究,本文构建一个基于ser-M范式的整合的竞争力分析框架。同时,借鉴Porter(1985,1990)统筹研究企业、产业和国家竞争力的思路以及整合竞争力研究的思路,本文构建了基于ser-M范式构建了动态、权变的劳动关系理论分析框架。本文认为对于劳动关系的理论分析必须综合考虑劳动关系主体在不同环境压力下利用各自的资源禀赋形成独特的劳动关系协调机制的整体过程,而不应该仅仅从政策制定或推广最佳实践的角度探讨相应的劳动关系协调机制的问题。     

企业社会责任与公司治理变革——基于利益相关者理论的探析

随着企业社会责任越来越受到重视，传统的公司治理理论必然要发生变革。本文以利益相关者理论为支撑，论述了企业为何要承担社会责任以及企业社会责任与公司治理的关系，从公司治理目标、治理结构、治理评价体系方面提出了公司治理变革构想和具体措施，并进行了分析和论证。     

乡镇劳动密集型企业劳动关系研究

和谐劳动关系是和谐社会的重要组成部分。随着《劳动合同法》等相关法律法规的颁布实施,劳动关系管理的理论制度逐渐健全,这给企业劳动关系管理的实践工作提出了更高要求。以乡镇劳动密集型企业为研究对象,对其劳动关系的实际状况进行诊断,概括其所面临的问题,并对劳动冲突的原因进行分析,进而对乡镇企业和谐劳动关系的实现在理论和实践的层面上提出自己的对策和建议。     

中小物流企业劳动关系规制策略研究

物流业作为一个劳动密集型行业,该行业的劳动关系稳定与否决定了其发展的可持续性,也关乎社会的和谐稳定.文章通过我国物流业从业人员状况、劳动合同的执行、工会的组织率等几个角度对中小物流企业的劳动关系状况进行研究,从官方工会与非官方工会的构建以及加强劳动合同法的执法方面提出一些应对思路,进而完善我国的劳动关系政府规制体系,以构建和谐稳定的劳动关系.     

智力资本会计理论与方法探讨

马克思劳动价值论认为,劳动特别是智力劳动创造企业剩余价值,智力资本所有者有权分享企业净剩余;现代公司治理理论则提出,以所有权激励为特征的智力资本化成为现代企业非常重视的激励手段。对智力的资本化要求在现有财务会计体系下合理计量、核算和报告智力资本,本文对智力资本会计的理论框架和核算方法进行了探讨,提出智力资本计量模式和与传统财务会计既相对独立又融为一体的智力资本核算与报告体系。     

什么是社会劳动关系?——概念辨析、调整对象与分析框架

本文从层级性、制度性和社会性三个视角对社会劳动关系这个概念进行了解析,并结合我国情境对社会劳动关系进行定义.并且,本文进一步基于新多元主义理论提出了社会劳动关系的调整对象与目标.最后,本文从政府治理的视角,提出了分析我国社会劳动关系的理论框架,并提出当下对社会劳动关系的研究不能仅讨论三方机制的问题.     

创业企业劳动关系协调的困境与机制转化

在构建和谐劳动关系的理论与实践中,政府三方协调和企业人力资源管理是两种主要模式.大众创业强调以网络为依托, “互联网+”传统产业模式,一方面就创业本身而言,劳资双方力量在创业过程中深度融合,创业者同时具有“劳资”双重身份;另一方面就创业带动就业而言,创业企业创造出“众创、众包、众扶、众筹”等新模式、新业态,带来多样的就业岗位和灵活的合作契约,这些均对传统劳动关系协调机制形成挑战.本文在分析创业企业劳动关系构成要素特征基础上,厘清在我国现阶段劳动关系协调机制下,创业企业劳动关系协调的困境,最后从完善法律体系、政府分类治理,以及企业规范用工三个方面着眼,提出困境转化的策略原则和协调实践.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.