45#钢零件淬火裂纹分析及对策

在机械制造工业中,广泛采用45#钢做结构零件,经淬火高温回火得到索氏体组织,其强度韧性良好。但在热处理过程中采用传统的淬火方法,经常出现不同程度的淬火裂纹,造成很大的浪费。文章针对45#钢材料的淬火特性,提出改变传统的淬火加热方式及冷却介质,能有效控制淬火裂纹,提高质量。     

45号钢淬火后形貌及硬度的研究

45号钢为工业常用钢,在实际加工中,为了实现机械性能的增强,必须先经过淬火再回火的过程.本文重点研究45号钢淬火后在光学显微镜下组织形貌及微观相的变化,并于其他热处理过程后的结果进行对比,探究淬火钢机械性能显著改变的原因.同时,测量淬火后45号钢的硬度并与其他种类钢进行对比研究.     

低碳钢齿轮轴裂纹、断裂失效分析与对策

针对低碳淬火钢齿轮轴加工中出现裂纹和断裂部位进行检测和分析,得出产生失效的原因而采取的措施进行阐述.     

低碳钢齿轮轴裂纹、断裂失效分析与对策

针对低碳淬火钢齿轮轴加工中出现裂纹和断裂部位进行检测和分析，得出产生失效的原因而采取的措施进行阐述。     

多边形辊筒打手的加工特点

本文对多边形辊筒打手螺母焊接、筒体焊接、刀片加工等进行了分析,根据试验情况提出了减少焊接变形,保证辊筒打手制造质量的工艺措施.     

多边形辊筒打手的加工特点

本文对多边形辊筒打手螺母焊接、简体焊接、刀片加工等进行了分析，根据试验情况提出了减少焊接变形，保证辊筒打手制造质量的工艺措施。     

P92钢焊接工艺在超（超）临界机组主蒸汽管中的应用

P92钢凭借其本身卓越的抗高温蠕变性能，在现代火电机组对主蒸汽管道机械性能要求极其严苛的时代中表现出了在应用中所具备的非凡品质。而针对P92钢的原材质的优良属性，我们不持怀疑态度，但是在进行焊接加工的过程后，是否真的具备这样的优越性质就显得更为重要了。通过不同的焊接工艺，所产生出来的P92钢在主蒸汽管中的表现，也就出现了不同的使用效果。     

45钢控时水浴淬火的强韧化

采用不同淬火方式对45钢淬火,之后进行不同温度的回火处理,研究其组织和力学性能的变化。结果表明,随回火温度的升高,马氏体不断分解,经450℃回火组织为回火托氏体,550℃回火获得回火索氏体组织;820℃水浴淬火由于冷速较慢,组织中存在少量的铁素体。450℃回火状态下,虽然820℃控时水浴淬火的强硬度比820℃完全淬火稍低,但韧性高,综合强韧性考虑,45钢经820℃控时水浴淬火+450℃回火后的综合力学性能最优。     

采气树制作中异种钢的焊接分析

某改进型采气树的制作中,涉及到45钢、36Mn2V钢与Q235的异种钢焊接.围绕这三种母材的异种钢焊接,本文从母材成分、组织.异种钢焊接难点;焊接方法、焊材及焊接参数的选择;预热及焊后热处理等方面进行了分析,制定出相应的焊接工艺.     

小议变电站工程钢构件加工

要保证变电站工程中钢构件的质量以及安装，首先要保证对构建进行严格的质量把关与控制，同时要保证规范科学的施工方式。论文主要对钢构件的制作与焊接做相对详尽的说明与论述，并继而对钢构件的热浸镀锌和成品组装、镀锌钢构件成品件的外观保护进行专业的阐述与说明。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Hierarchical Models in Environmental Science

Environmental systems are complicated. They include very intricate spatio-temporal processes, interacting on a wide variety of scales. There is increasingly vast amounts of data for such processes from geographical information systems, remote sensing platforms, monitoring networks, and computer models. In addition, often there is a great variety of scientific knowledge available for such systems, from partial differential equations based on first principles to panel surveys. It is argued that it is not generally adequate to consider such processes from a joint perspective. Instead, the processes often must be considered as a coherently linked system of conditional models. This paper provides a brief overview of hierarchical approaches applied to environmental processes. The key elements of such models can be considered in three general stages, the data stage, process stage, and parameter stage. In each stage, complicated dependence structure is mitigated by conditioning. For example, the data stage can incorporate measurement errors as well as multiple datasets with varying supports. The process and parameter stages can allow spatial and spatio-temporal processes as well as the direct inclusion of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of some outstanding problems in hierarchical modelling of environmental systems, including the need for new collaboration approaches.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.