城乡二元经济结构下民生财政对城乡居民收入差距的影响

本文通过将民生财政运作模式下的支出与税收变量纳入统一的分析框架中,构建城乡二元经济结构背景下的城乡收入差距理论模型,进而分析民生财政收支活动影响城乡居民收入差距的作用机理。利用中国2002—2012年的省级面板数据,建立固定效应和动态效应面板数据模型对理论分析中提出的假设进行了实证检验。研究结果表明,民生性财政支出在总额增长过程中的“农村偏向”资金投向特征,能起到有效缩小城乡居民收入差距的效果,而民生财政所引致的税收收入高速增长及税制结构以间接税为主的特征,则会扩大城乡居民收入差距。     

民生财政能否有效缩小城乡居民收入差距？

在考察民生财政的运行现状及其对城乡居民收入差距的影响机制基础上,从时空整合视角出发,综合运用动态面板、空间面板数据模型以及面板向量自回归模型对民生财政收支活动影响城乡居民收入差距的方向、路径以及实际效果进行了实证检验。研究结果表明,民生财政收支活动是影响城乡居民收入差距变动的重要原因。一方面,民生性财政支出的增长以及其资金投向的“农村倾向”特征,将会有效缩小城乡居民收入差距;另一方面,民生财政所引致的税收增长以及以间接税为主的税制结构,将会扩大城乡居民收入差距。     

城镇化、工业化对城乡收入差距影响的实证研究——基于山东省面板数据的实证分析

本文依据山东省2000-2012年17个地市的面板数据构建了城镇化、工业化对城乡收入差距影响的线性面板模型。本文通过定量分析认为,城镇化与地方政府行为对缩小城乡收入差距具有正向作用,合理的城镇化政策以及地方政府正确的经济行为都有利于缩小城乡收入差距,但是工业化却拉大了城乡居民收入差距,因此需要在发展工业经济的同时兼顾效率与公平,坚持工业反哺农业,缩小城乡收入差距。     

劳动力流入背景下商品住宅价格对城乡居民收入差距的影响研究

劳动力跨区域流动的现象随着经济的发展普遍出现，在此背景下研究商品住宅价格对城乡居民收入差距的影响在社会收入分配领域具有重要意义。利用2006—2020年省级面板数据，基于商品住宅价格及劳动力流入对城乡居民收入差距的影响，构建空间计量模型，并进行实证分析。研究显示，短期内商品住宅价格上涨对劳动力流入存在抑制效应，进而扩大城乡居民收入差距；长期内会促进劳动力流入并缩减城乡居民收入差距。而且商品住宅价格提高对周围地区的城乡居民收入差距存在劳动力流入效应的空间外溢，能显著缩小本地及相邻地区的城乡居民收入差距。     

农民增收以缩小西安城乡居民收入差距的潜力

西安是陕西城乡收入比最小的城市,但与发达城市相比,城乡收入差距还是比较大的。缩小城乡居民收入差距除了农民具有增收的主观意愿外,西安得天独厚的区位优势和社会经济环境也为农民增收提供了可挖掘的潜力。发挥旅游业的辐射带动作用,加快农村劳动力转移;发展都市特色农业、加快农业产业化;合理规划财产性收入,确保财产增值;落实支农惠农政策,确保转移性收入增长以充分挖掘农民增收潜力,进而缩小西安城乡居民收入差距。     

湖南“两化”进程中的城乡收入差距研究

在研究湖南工业化和新型城镇化进程中的城乡收入差距问题中,通过整理湖南14个市州1998—2014年的面板数据,构建城乡两部门生产函数,运用理论模型并结合湖南经济数据进行实证研究。结果表明:湖南城镇化水平的提高能够显著缩小城乡居民收入差距,而工业化水平的提高则与城乡居民收入差距表现为正相关关系,大力提升工业化水平有助于加快城镇化发展,进而对缩小城乡居民收入差距产生积极影响,因此,工业化发展对城乡居民收入差距的缩小具有间接效应。实证结果与理论模型所得结论具有较高的一致性。从相关控制变量来看,政府干预度、对外开放度均与城乡居民收入差距呈显著正相关关系。综合来看,湖南要在均衡城乡公共资源配置的基础上,通过工业化、城镇化的发展,发挥地区比较优势,促进农业现代化的实现,提高农民收入水平和农业劳动生产率,从而有效缩小城乡收入差距。     

河北省城乡收入差距对消费的影响

自改革开放以来,中国进行了经济体制方面的革新,生产要素在城乡之间的配置机制和城乡内部收入分配制度发生了变化.与之相对应,在体制改革的过程中演变出了许多问题.城乡居民收入水平随国家经济快速发展而迅速提高的同时,城乡收入的扩大差距也在不断地加深.城乡居民收入分配差距的扩大,影响最终消费支出的增长,进而制约了经济的可持续增长.本文以河北省为例,对2000年以来河北城乡居民收入差距和消费结构变动的情况、原因,及其对消费影响进行分析,最后提出一些缩小城乡差距以增加居民消费的措施.     

金融发展与城乡居民收入差距的实证研究

改革开放以来,我国人民生活水平显著提高,城乡居民收入呈稳定性增长,但城乡收入差距也随之扩大。本文基于1978-2012年35年的中国时间序列数据对金融发展与城乡居民收入差距的关系做了协整检验、Granger因果检验,建立线性模型,结果显示:金融发展规模和金融发展效率都是城乡居民收入差距的Granger原因,且金融发展规模的提高显著拉大了城乡居民收入差距,金融发展效率的提高则有助于城乡居民收入差距的缩小。     

对外开放、交通便利度与城乡收入差距关系的实证研究——基于丝绸之路经济带沿线9省区的面板数据分析

基于丝绸之路经济带沿线9省区2002-2012年的省际面板数据,通过单位根检验、协整检验以及固定效应面板数据回归方法,分析9省区的对外开放程度和交通便利程度对其城乡收入差距的影响,结果表明:区域对外开放程度的加深会导致9省区城乡收入差距的扩大,而交通便利程度的改善有利于缩小城乡收入差距;同时,交通通达度的增加与对外开放程度的扩大这两者相结合的作用效果,却会使9省区的城乡收入差距缩小。以上实证分析结论的政策含义在于:扩大全方位对外开放与加快区域间交通基础设施网络建设必须相互结合,以创造更多机会促进城乡生产要素自由流动,从而缩小区域内城乡收入差距。这对于西部地区借助于丝绸之路经济带建设的国家战略机遇,实现城乡区域一体化发展至关重要。     

产业结构对城乡居民收入差距的影响——基于全国东中西部地区省际面板数据的分析

随着中国经济高速发展,社会公平问题逐步上升为突出问题。城乡收入差距的不断上升不仅影响社会的和谐与安定,对经济的长期增长也会产生障碍。本文利用1994年到2010年全国分东中西部地区29个省自治区直辖市面板数据建立面板回归模型,分析产业结构对城乡居民收入差距的影响,得出结论认为,东部地区产业结构调整对城乡居民收入差距的影响最大,中部地区次之,西部地区最小,但是西部与中部差距并不是很大。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Hierarchical Models in Environmental Science

Environmental systems are complicated. They include very intricate spatio-temporal processes, interacting on a wide variety of scales. There is increasingly vast amounts of data for such processes from geographical information systems, remote sensing platforms, monitoring networks, and computer models. In addition, often there is a great variety of scientific knowledge available for such systems, from partial differential equations based on first principles to panel surveys. It is argued that it is not generally adequate to consider such processes from a joint perspective. Instead, the processes often must be considered as a coherently linked system of conditional models. This paper provides a brief overview of hierarchical approaches applied to environmental processes. The key elements of such models can be considered in three general stages, the data stage, process stage, and parameter stage. In each stage, complicated dependence structure is mitigated by conditioning. For example, the data stage can incorporate measurement errors as well as multiple datasets with varying supports. The process and parameter stages can allow spatial and spatio-temporal processes as well as the direct inclusion of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of some outstanding problems in hierarchical modelling of environmental systems, including the need for new collaboration approaches.