机构投资者持股能抑制过度投资吗——基于自由现金流中介效应的检验北大核心

近年来,我国机构投资者随着资本市场的不断成熟而发展壮大,逐渐在上市公司治理方面发挥着不可忽视的作用。基于自由现金流视角,研究机构投资者对上市公司的过度投资等非效率投资的抑制作用,并从自由现金流视角研究其作用机制,结果表明:机构投资者有效地抑制了上市公司的过度投资,自由现金流在机构投资者与过度投资的负相关关系中发挥了中介作用;相对于非基金持股,基金持股能更有效地抑制公司的过度投资,并能通过自由现金流发挥中介作用。     

管理层持股与投资现金流敏感度——来自沪市制造业上市公司的经验证据

文章选取我国沪市制造业上市公司2005与2006年数据,对管理层持股与投资——现金流问题的关系进行了实证研究。研究表明,管理层持股有助于上市公司改善投资效率。但是进一步的研究表明,管理层持股比例与投资——现金流敏感性不存在相关性,没有得出上市公司投资——现金流敏感性的主导动因。     

控股股东、自由现金流与企业过度投资

基于控股股东与中小股东的代理理论.以2002～2006年上市公司为样本,实证检验了在中国转型经济的制度背景下,公司控股股东、自由现金流与过度投资的关系.研究发现,正自由现金流易导致过度投资;并且在地方政府控制的公司中,正自由现金流更易导致过度投资;随着持股比例的增加,控股股东与中小股东利益趋于一致,可以抑制过度投资行为,而地方政府作为控股股东,减弱了持股比例上升带来的积极治理作用,产生了"溢出"效应.本文为理解终极控股股东对公司投资的影响提供了一个新的视角.     

自由现金流与管理层防御分析与启示

Jensen基于研究代理问题的基础上提出了自由现金流的的概念。企业管理层可能考虑从自身利益等因素从而背离股东的利益，代理成本随之产生了。本文通过对自由现金流与管理层防御进行文献回顾并得出启示。一方面，提高管理层持股比例；另一方面，加强第三监管。     

上市公司过度投资影响因素研究

文章以2006-2009年A股制造业上市公司数据为基础,分析了企业过度投资及其影响因素。结果表明:我国上市公司中确实存在过度投资行为,且自由现金流越多的企业,越容易发生过度投资;第一大股东持股比例在某种程度上可以抑制过度投资;国有控股企业比非国有控股企业更容易发生过度投资;经理持股对过度投资有抑制作用;负债不仅没有抑制过度投资,反而使其更严重。     

公司治理、过度投资与盈余质量

本文选取2004年至2011年所有A股上市公司为研究样本,实证检验了过度投资对盈余质量的影响。研究发现：过度投资金额越大,盈余质量越差。债务融资比例的增加能够削弱过度投资与盈余质量的负相关性。控股股东持股比例的增加能够增强过度投资与盈余质量的负相关性。两职分离能够削弱过度投资与盈余质量的负相关性。进一步研究还发现,自由现金流的增加能够增强过度投资与盈余质量的负相关性,债务融资比例的增加在一定程度上能够削弱自由现金流对过度投资与盈余质量的负面影响。     

盈余质量、终极控股股东与过度投资

终极控股股东能够对企业过度投资产生重要影响,而高质量的盈余信息具有信息传递功能,能够影响终极控股股东的过度投资行为。本文以我国所有A股上市公司为样本,研究发现终极控股股东控制权和现金流权的增加能够抑制过度投资,而两权分离会诱发过度投资;自由现金流的增加会加剧过度投资,并增强两权分离与过度投资的负相关性;高质量的盈余信息能够减少过度投资,且在自由现金流较多时,削弱效果更强;高质量的盈余信息与终极控股股东控制权、现金流权呈现协同效应,共同抑制过度投资;高质量的盈余信息能够减少两权分离导致的过度投资,且在自由现金流较多的企业,治理效果更显著。     

企业过度投资研究文献综述

上市企业的过度投资行为日趋严重,导致企业的投资效率降低,对企业资源造成严重浪费,最终会降低企业的价值。目前,上市公司的过度投资行为受到国内外学者的广泛关注,文章通过整理国内外过度投资的研究文献,对过度投资的相关研究作了梳理。主要从过度投资的成因分析、会计稳健性与过度投资、公司治理与过度投资、管理层持股与过度投资四个方面进行阐述,并作出简单的评述。     

股改后上市公司大股东对公司投资行为影响的实证研究

本文首先对股改后大股东持股比例发生变化进行分析,指出股改后第一大股东持股比例平均值由45.58%下降到36.92%,在一定程度上分散了控股权,使得各大股东之间的持股比例差距缩小,可能形成多个大股东相互制衡的局面。在此基础上,本文采用我国制造业上市公司数据,对大股东持股比例降低是否会影响我国上市公司投资行为进行实证研究,结果发现:1.制造业上市公司投资受现金流的影响显著正相关,第一大股东持股比例对投资—现金流敏感度存在显著的促进影响,股改后大股东持股比例降低,相关性小于股改前;2.投资对现金流敏感的原因是普遍存在自由现金流量假说下的过度投资行为,股改后虽然第一大股东平均持股比例下降,但是这种变化趋势却加剧了公司的过度投资行为;3.股改使得前五大股东之间的持股比例范围趋于缩小,股改后股权制衡缓解过度投资的水平比股改前提高,但是效果不是很明显。     

管理层持股与企业R&D投资研究

RD是企业核心竞争力的来源,对企业的长期发展至关重要,本文以中国上市公司为样本,对管理层持股与企业RD投资之间的关系进行实证分析研究,以探求如何提高企业RD投资,进而提升企业竞争力。研究结果发现:管理层持股比例与企业RD投资强度正相关,即管理层持股对企业RD投资具有积极的正向影响。本文研究发现对提高企业RD投资水平具有较强的实践指导意义。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.     

Internet professionals: job skills for an on-line age

The paper explores the increasing popularity of the Internet technology Singapore. It argues that the diffusion of Internet technology to South-East Asia would create new duties and responsibilities for human resource (HR) managers. One such duty is the identification of the skills which professional Internet staff would need to perform their work effectively in organizations. Using a triangulation research method, empirical study has identified the new professional Internet jobs which have emerged the IT industry in Singapore and the skills that professional Internet personnel require do their jobs effectively. Analysis of the findings indicates that professional Internet skills involve both technical and creative abilities and that, in explaining or defining professional Internet skills, it is necessary to use both the technical and the social conceptions of skill. This argument is based on the view that the creative skills include tacit skills so that a definition based solely on the technical conception of skill cannot capture the various dimensions of Internet skills. The implications of the research findings for human resource managers are raised.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

关于高校教学秘书工作的认识与思考

教学秘书在教学管理中起着举足轻重的作用,本文结合自己近6年从事教学秘书的工作实践和体会,阐述了高校教学秘书的工作职能和工作内容,提出了教学秘书应具备的素质,分析了日前教学秘书工作中存在的问题,探讨了教学秘书工作改进的方法与途径。     

Sister Communities: Rejecting Labels of Informality and Peripherality in Vanuatu

Some labels have dire consequences. This article takes issue with the labels commonly used to describe the physical and social location of communities living on the edge of Port Vila, Vanuatu—labels that position communities for eviction by entrenching tropes of informality and peripherality into how they are seen and represented. Such terms include informal, settlement, informal settlement, squatter and peri-urban. Based on interviews with around 100 people and two years of ethnographic engagement with urban communities in Port Vila, Vanuatu, I critique the language of policy against the lived experience of those at the urban edge. I use Bourdieu's articulation of power as an accumulation of symbolic capital that enables one to speak the world into being. I conclude that the language of policies and plans is reflective of a dominant discourse in urban studies and international aid, and non-reflective of the experience and identities of people living at the urban edge. My interviewees and interlocutors maintain their identities as sister communities—as places grounded in the formality of customary tenure, and as part of the city rather than outside it.