Pollution and informal economy

In this study, we investigate the relationship between the size of the informal economy and the level of environmental pollution/energy use. To this end, we first use different indicators of environmental pollution along with a measure of energy use intensity in a panel dataset consisting of 152 countries over the period 1999–2009 and empirically examine the relationship between pollution and the shadow economy. The estimation results show that there is an inverse-U relationship between the size of the informal economy and environmental pollution, that is, small and large sizes of the informal economy are associated with lower environmental pollution and medium levels of informality are associated with higher levels of environmental pollution. Next, we build a two sector dynamic general equilibrium model to suggest an economic mechanism for this observation. Our model identifies two channels through which informality might affect environmental pollution: The scale effect, whereby a larger (smaller) informal economy size is associated with a lower (higher) level of environmental pollution, and the deregulation effect, whereby a larger (smaller) informal economy is associated with higher (lower) pollution levels. As these two effects work in opposite directions, the changing relative strength of one with respect to the informal sector size creates the inverted-U relationship between pollution indicators and informality.     

The shadow economies of Western Europe

The latest empirical research indicates a strong increase in the size of the shadow economy in Western Europe, over the period 1970 to 1990. For 11 of the 17 investigated OECD-countries the size of the shadow economy in 1990 was more than 10% of GNP. Analysis shows that the major causes of the shadow economy are the direct and indirect tax burden, and government regulation.     

国民经济评价中影子价格的确定方法

国民经济评价是项目评价的重要内容，它有别于财务评价，与财务评价重要的区别之一是使用的价格不同，国民经济评价采用的是影子价格。论述了影子价格的概念和类型，提出了确定影子价格的方法。     

我国经济型酒店蓝海战略本质特征与聚类分析研究

我国经济型酒店近年来的快速发展是很好地运用蓝海战略的结果。经济型酒店同时实现差异化和低成本的战略,这也是蓝海战略最核心的本质特征所在。多样的经济模式、以网络为依托、连锁化经营和推广会员制作是经济型酒店创造性的因素,也是经济型酒店特色化定位的关键点。     

浅议工程项目影子价格理论

影子价格是为实现一定的经济发展目标而人为确定的、比市场价格更能反映出资源真实价值、能促进合理利用资源的经济价格,而非真正意义上的市场价格。它不仅能更合理地反映出产品价值,而且还能反映社会劳动消耗、市场的供求关系和资源的稀缺程度,有利于资源的优化配置。影子价格是分析计算项目对国民经济的净贡献,评价项目的经济合理性的重要的参数之一。本文主要阐释了影子价格的概念、类别、选取及计算方法。     

The shadow economy as an equilibrium outcome

We construct a dynamic general equilibrium model of tax evasion where agents choose to report some of their income. Unreported income requires using a payment method that avoids recordkeeping in some markets—cash. Trade using cash to avoid taxes is the ‘shadow economy’ in our model. We then calibrate our model using money, interest rate and GDP data to back out the size of the shadow economy for a sample of countries and compare our measures to traditional reduced form estimates.     

农村互联网金融发展问题与对策研究

将互联网金融引入农村有利于推动农村地区经济的发展。论文以农村互联网金融发展存在的问题为切入点,首先阐述了农村互联网金融存在的原因,然后对当前农村互联网金融存在的问题进行分析,并针对性地提出相关建议,以期通过农村互联网金融的持续健康发展为农村经济发展提供动力。     

网络经济时代市场营销策略的转变探究

在网络经济时代,互联网技术为我国经济发展带来了重大的机遇。在此背景下,人们的消费方式也发生着重大的改变,所以相对应的市场营销策略也应该有所转变。将网络技术应用到市场营销中,有利于提高市场营销水平,促进企业经济发展。     

共享经济背景下京津冀人力资本现状分析研究

随着互联网的发展,共享经济已成为一种新的经济形态。基于互联网平台,供给双方实现物品或劳务的交易,使资源实现最大化配置。在共享经济下,人力资本地位相对得到提升,空间扩大。利用人力资本共享的契机,京津冀地区人力资本可以实现共享,推动三地协同发展。     

The “frequency divide”: implications for internet-based surveys

Those who use the internet more frequently are more likely to notice a request to participate in a survey than less frequent users. The frequency of internet use is thus likely to affect the likelihood of participation in internet-based surveys. If frequent and infrequent users are different in relevant features, this could influence survey estimates. This study aims to identify which demographic characteristics most differentiate frequent and infrequent users of the internet and whether those distinctions have an influence on substantive responses. The effect of internet usage frequency when conducting internet-based surveys on specific subgroups of the population is also examined. Results suggest that frequent and infrequent users are different both in demographic characteristics and substantive estimates. Differences in substantive estimates are also found when comparing frequent and infrequent users in the 15–24 years subgroup. Weighting can reduce the discrepancies found for most of the substantive estimates, but the differences between frequent and infrequent users remain statistically significant for some specific items.     

Is there convergence amongst shadow economies? International evidence

This paper examines convergence among cross-country shadow economies. Using the Phillips-Sul (2007, 2009) club convergence approach and data for over 150 countries from 1991 to 2017, the results show evidence against absolute convergence for all shadow economies; however, we find evidence of multiple convergence clubs. In particular, we find evidence for seven distinct convergence clubs and six divergent shadow economies. Each club is characterised by an increasingly larger shadow economy with the countries in club 1 having the largest shadow economy and those in club 7 having the smallest shadow economy. Using a two-way fixed effects approach, we also find that the determinants of the shadow economy are somewhat conditional on the convergence club. The existence of multiple equilibria suggests that policy makers in their attempt to combat the shadow economy would benefit by considering the different transitional paths associated with the different convergence clubs.     

Institutional quality and environmental pollution: MENA countries versus the rest of the world

Using data for over 100 nations over the years 2004–2007, this study examines the effect, of institutional quality on environmental pollution, focusing primarily on influences of corruption, and the shadow economy, and paying special attention to MENA countries. Controlling for a, number of factors, results show that both more corrupt nations and nations with large shadow sectors have qualitatively and quantitatively similar effects in yielding fewer (recorded) emissions; however, MENA nations have higher pollution rates. Policy implications are noted.     

燃煤锅炉烟气治理技术及应用

一直以来,我国的煤炭储量都很多。由于中国目前工业的快速发展,煤炭的使用量也逐年攀高。煤炭燃烧会排放出大量的有害烟尘,其中含有烟尘和二氧化硫,对环境和人体健康都有很大的破坏。近些年,燃煤烟气的排放给国家带来了很大的经济损失,严重影响着我国经济的可持续发展。所以本文针对燃煤锅炉烟气中二氧化硫和烟尘的治理技术做出了系统的分析。     

Effects of Future Demographic Changes on the US Economy: Evidence from a Long-term Simulation Model

Demographics, especially the size and the age composition of the population, contribute substantially to the growth and structure of any economy. Over the next 55 years, the age composition of the US population will change dramatically, as the post-World War II ‘baby boom’ ages into retirement. In this paper, we use a long-term interindustry macro model of the US economy to examine how the age composition of the US population affects overall economic growth as well as the output/employment structure of the economy. We find that the system of funding government commitments to pension and medical care for the elderly is a primary channel through which demographic effects translate into economic effects.     

MACRO‐FINANCE LINKAGES

In this survey, I review the academic and policy‐oriented literature on the linkages between financial markets and the rest of the economy. First, I summarize the leading economic theories for why the financial sector can influence the macroeconomy. Second, I consider empirical research on spillovers from the financial sector to the rest of the economy, as well as across financial markets in different countries. Third, I discuss key monetary policy debates regarding the appropriate response of central banks to financial conditions. Finally, I conclude with an overview of the major gaps in the existing literature.     

建设节约型社会,发展循环经济

面对经济发展中如影随形的高消耗、高污染和资源环境约束问题,世界各个国家开始寻求经济增长模式的全面转变,走节约型发展道路。建设节约型社会就是统筹人与自然和谐发展,处理好经济建设、人口增长与资源利用、生态环境保护的关系,推动整个社会走上生产发展、生活富裕、资源高效利用、生态环境良好的文明发展道路。那么,如何建设资源节约型社会呢?发展循环经济和走新型工业化道路是建设资源节约型社会的重要途径。     

社会资本与非金融企业影子银行化

以2003—2019年我国非金融上市公司为样本,研究我国各省份社会资本水平差异对非金融企业影子银行化的影响及其内在作用机理。研究发现,地区社会资本与非金融企业影子银行化之间呈现显著的U型关系。机制检验发现,社会资本通过影响融资约束和信息不对称这两条渠道对非金融企业影子银行化产生影响。进一步分析发现,经济政策不确定性会弱化社会资本与非金融企业影子银行化的关系,且社会资本与非金融企业影子银行化之间的关系存在企业异质性,以上结论通过了稳健性检验。     

Historical family structure as a predictor of liberal voting: Evidence from a century of Russian history

Family structure is considered a particularly important predictor of social and political development; historical differences in family size and other family characteristics cast a long shadow over societal development. This paper explores the effect of differences in historical family size on political behavior based on within-country variations in this characteristic in Russia. Unlike most papers on historical legacies, we trace the effect of family size over a century of Russian history with a focus on the first competitive and free elections in Russia—to the Constituent Assembly—held in 1917 and on the presidential elections in post-Soviet Russia in 1996 and 2000. Mean family size is measured based on the census data for 1897. We find a robust and significant association between smaller family size and a voting preference for parties that are economically liberal, which holds despite differences in the political, economic, and social environment between the 1910s and 1990s     

浅述影子价格涵义及其在水运建设项目中的作用

项目评价的一项重要内容就是经济评价,经济评价和财务评价之间有着明显的差别,其中最重要的一个区别就是两者使用的价格不同,财务评价使用的是市场价格,而经济评价采用的则是影子价格。影子价格是指在项目经济评价中采用的部分货物经调整计算的价格,它是投资项目经济评价的通用参数,能够反映社会对这些货物真实价值的度量。本文论述了影子价格的概念和类型,提出了影子价格的理论以及确定方法,介绍影子价格应用于水运建设项目中的作用。     

危机后发达国家的非传统货币政策研究

次贷危机爆发以后,各国纷纷实行非传统的货币政策来刺激经济。自2009年下半年以来,随着一些国家的经济状况开始恢复,人们开始担心通货膨胀的出现,因此研究非传统货币政策何时退出就成为当前各国宏观经济保持稳定的一个重要任务。发达国家实行非传统货币政策的原因在于传统的货币政策传导机制,即从市场基准利率向短期利率和长期利率的传导受阻。因此非传统货币政策实施的目的在于降低短期利率预期和风险溢价,同时提高通胀预期,降低长期实际利率,最终起到刺激实体经济的作用。文章以美国为例,考察了美国金融指标、通胀指标和宏观经济指标,得出结论:传统的货币政策传导机制的恢复还未得到充分的确认。另外,由于欧洲债务危机的出现给全球经济复苏蒙上阴影,因此全面退出非传统货币政策尚不具备条件。但是在全球化时代,寻求大国之间退出策略的合作和协调是十分必要的。