货币供给、通货膨胀、经济增长之间关系的实证研究——基于2006～2010年数据的分析

利用我国2006年12月～2010年12的月度数据,在VAR模型的基础上,对我国货币供应、通货膨胀、经济增长之间的关系进行实证分析。研究发现,短期内通货膨胀和经济增长对货币供应量的效应相反;货币供应并不影响通货膨胀和经济增长;经济增长与通货膨胀无关,通货膨胀对经济增长具有正面效应。长期来看,通货膨胀和货币供应量之间正相关;经济增长对货币供应具有负效应,货币供给量的增加促进经济增长,证实我国存在托宾效应;经济增长和通货膨胀之间作用相反,通货膨胀损害经济增长的弗里德曼假说在我国适用。同时得出我国货币供给具有非中性和内生性特点的结论。     

货币紧缩政策抑制通货膨胀的有效性研究

货币供应与通货膨胀具有长期正相关性,而实物类资产货币化和金融类资产扩容可能延缓货币政策抑制通货膨胀的有效性。货币供应和通货膨胀的相关性使调控货币、通胀成为传统的政策手段,但在通货膨胀综合了成本推动和需求拉动的情况下,货币政策的有效性在下降,而在货币供应存在信贷配给和双轨定价等制度性约束的情况下,总量意义的货币紧缩反而会提升金融成本并对短期通货膨胀起到推波助澜的作用。从逻辑上看,高货币存量决定增量紧缩将成常态,只有消除制度约束,推进利率市场化,发挥价格变量的引导作用,才能保证货币调控的有效性。     

中国货币供应、通货膨胀及经济增长关系实证研究

采用协整与方差分解的方法时中国货币供应、通货膨胀与经济增长的关系进行实证研究发现，通货膨胀与经济增长在短期和长期中作用关系相反，但都具有回归自然水平趋势，货币供应时通货膨胀和经济增长的影响具有滞后效应，长期内货币非中性。而通货膨胀和经济增长并不影响货币供应。一方面。应当采取措施降低货币供应增长率：另一方面，偏紧货币政策的滞后效应可能导致经济紧缩应当采取措施降低货币供应增长率，因此应谨慎调控宏观经济政策，以避免金融风险。     

产出缺口、货币缺口与通胀预期管理

我国本轮通胀预期在本质上是超额货币供给引致实际货币购买力下降的结果,这表明近年中国持续高货币增长并非简单用"货币透失"所能解释.为检验我国通胀产生动因.本文通过引入产出缺口、货币缺口进行建模,发现产出缺口对通胀有短期正向冲击.而货币缺口是导致我国通货膨胀主要且持续的根源.同时,近年来备受关注的房地产市场对我国通胀效应具有助推效果,实证结果表明房价的攀升对通货膨胀和货币缺口有着直接而显著的影响,因此控制房价也应成为管理部门调控通胀的重要手段.     

通货膨胀成本和收益的分析--对我国通货膨胀的实证检验

通货膨胀在经济理论和经济实践中都是一个重要的问题,原因是通货膨胀过高会给社会造成较高的成本,本文分析认为不仅未预期的通货膨胀而且预期通货膨胀也带来一定的成本,通货膨胀目标在各国都不为零.通过对我国货币供给增长率与通货膨胀率进行单位根检验和Granger影响关系检验表明,我国现阶段货币政策实施中货币供给仍然是重要的货币政策工具,货币供给通过影响通货膨胀而作用于经济运行.     

金融危机后资产型通货膨胀与货币政策前沿研究

2008年全球金融危机冲击之后,各国普遍出现了高货币增长下一般价格水平比较稳定而资产价格快速膨胀的现象。传统的通货膨胀理论和现有的货币政策范式难以解释与应对,"资产型通货膨胀"已经成为后危机时代一个亟需研究的问题。鉴于此,本文从货币及资产价格的视角对国外相关研究进行了梳理,力图厘清资产型通货膨胀的特点、资产价格与通货膨胀的关系、预期及货币在促成资产型通货膨胀中的推动作用,以及如何建立新的应对资产型通胀的货币政策新框架等问题。在综述分析的基础上提出未来研究中的挑战性问题。     

中国通货膨胀原因与治理措施

中国目前的通货膨胀主要由产出缺口、货币信贷量过快增长、经济结构因素变动、汇率的变化以及通胀预期造成的,而产出缺口是决定通胀的一个基本力量,在货币供应量指标M2中,短期内只有＂真实交易货币＂能直接对物价起推动作用。结合通货膨胀产生的原因对中国治理现阶段的通货膨胀提出几点建议,主要是完善CPI体系、央行实行货币从紧的政策、压低房价、加快转变经济发展方式。     

近年来中国通货膨胀与外资流入——另一种可能的解释以及相关政策理论模型

<正> 0.1994年中国通货膨胀在高价位上持续攀升,对其机理可以而且也应该作多角度多层次的综合剖析。不过,即使考虑到货币供应的价格效应的可能时滞,1994年货币供应的高速扩张仍然构成了该年通货膨胀及其加速的主要运行层面的原因。从1994年起人民币在国际收支的经常项目上可自由兑换并实行有管理的单一浮动汇率制度,国家外汇储备与作为中央银行国外资产的中国人民银行外汇占用款因而直接关联。1994年中国人民银行外汇占用款增加迅猛,其净增加额相当于同期基础货币供应增加量的62.97％。 基于上述宏观经济实况,出现了这样的关于1994年中国通货膨胀成因的外资流入解释:基础货币供应主要因国家外汇储备增加而扩张,而外资流入增加是期间国家外汇储备增加的     

货币供应增长率与通货膨胀之间动态关系的实证研究

中国实施宽松的货币政策,货币供应量增幅快速回升,流动性加大,市场的通涨预期不断高涨。故系统研究货币供应量、银行信贷与通货膨胀之间的动态关系,可为衡量货币政策有效性提供些依据。通过构建向量自回归模型,分析货币供应、金融机构贷款和通货膨胀之间的动态关系。     

财政刺激计划、货币供应量、公众预期与通货膨胀——中国1996-2008年月度数据的实证分析

本文试图分析政府财政刺激计划、货币供应量和公众预期这三大因素,对通货膨胀的实际发生所分别产生的冲击。文中采用中国1996年1月—2008年12月的财政支出、货币供应量及居民消费物价指数月度数据,运用VEC模型进行分析的结果表明,财政支出对通货膨胀的解释力很低,货币供应量和物价自身对通货膨胀的解释力最强。而从时间效应来看,物价自身在短期内对通货膨胀起决定作用,而长期看货币供应量是影响通货膨胀的最主要因素。     

预期形成机制的选择、宏观政策搭配与通胀预期管理

文章从中国宏观政策现实出发,分析了预期形成机制对宏观政策搭配及通胀预期管理的影响.研究发现,基于学习型预期的动态随机一般均衡模型不仅能刻画预期通胀与实际通胀之间的趋势一致性与持续偏离,还能反映中国人民银行所公布的物价预期指数和国家统计局所公布的消费者预期指数的变化情况.从通胀预期管理角度看,宏观政策搭配不仅受基本面因素制约,还受公众预期形成机制的显著影响,并且应适时地由传统的"一松一紧"模式转变为"双松"或"双紧"模式.在当前形势下,宏观政策应侧重于"精确制导式"的定向调控,加大经济体制改革力度,完善经济供给面,以配合总需求并锁定政策目标.同时,通过积极沟通,塑造和稳定公众对宏观政策的预期,扩大政策调控空间,以实现经济平稳增长.     

“Ex-ante” Taylor rules and expectation forming in emerging markets

The success of monetary policy in stabilizing inflation depends substantially on its influence on expectation formation of private agents. This paper provides a novel perspective on the expectation forming process of financial markets. Using forecasts for the short-term interest rate, the inflation rate, and output growth for 10 emerging markets in Latin-America, central and eastern Europe, we estimate expected (“ex-ante”) Taylor-type rules. We find evidence for significant differences in the expectation formation process in the sense that the well-known Taylor principle fairly holds for only some countries, while for the other countries it does not. The adaption of an explicit inflation targeting regime seems to explain this cross-country differences.     

预期管理理论的形成、演变与启示

本文从货币政策视角梳理了预期管理理论的形成与演变历程,探讨了对通胀预期管理的现实启示。本文研究发现,预期管理理论以货币政策可信度为核心,历经从规则与相机抉择之间的摇摆到融合政策承诺与中央银行沟通并形成前瞻性引导的过程,各种预期管理思想的引入均通过对货币政策施加各种约束,促进政策的动态一致性,提高公众预期形成的精确性。构建以新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型为基础的预期管理框架,改进以预期形成机制和金融体系的模型化为代表的模型结构,采用机制设计方法完善货币政策框架成为未来预期管理理论发展的重要方向。对于我国而言,加快以利率与汇率市场化改革为代表的金融改革,强化以价格稳定为核心的货币政策调控,并通过有效权衡稳增长、调结构与反通胀之间关系,塑造坚定的反通胀立场,形成以通胀目标为代表的名义锚。同时构造兼顾价格稳定与金融稳定的宏观审慎管理框架和中国特色的新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型,提高预期管理的可信度。     

Are Progressive Income Taxes Stabilizing?

We assess the stabilizing effect of progressive income taxes in a monetary economy with constant returns to scale. It is shown that tax progressivity reduces, in parameter space, the likelihood of local indeterminacy, sunspots and cycles. However, considering plausibly low levels of tax progressivity does not ensure saddle‐point stability and preserves as robust the occurrence of sunspot equilibria and endogenous cycles. It turns out that increasing progressivity, through its impact on after‐tax income, makes labor supply more inelastic. However, even when large, tax progressivity does not neutralize the effects of expected inflation on current labor supply which may lead to expectation‐driven business fluctuations.     

Does monetary policy affect the long-run expectations of non-stationary real interest rates?

In this article, we analyse whether the monetary policy affects the long-run expectation of the non-stationary real interest rate. The analysis is conducted through Beveridge–Nelson trend decomposition within a cointegrated vector autoregressive model based on the New Keynesian framework. We suggest an augmented test of the conventional co-integration test on the non-stationarity of the real interest rate, which checks whether the co-integration coefficient of inflation is one and the output gap affects the co-integration equilibrium of the nominal interest rate. We further suggest decomposing the long-run expectation of the non-stationary real interest rate into three trends: the interest rate shock (including the monetary shock), inflation shock and output gap shock. According to empirical analyses using monthly US data after the Korean War, the long-run expectation of the non-stationary real interest rate contains an interest rate shock trend and the impulse of the federal fund target rate induces a significant response of the interest rate shock trend. However, the interest rate shock trend has a very small portion of the long-run expectation of the non-stationary real interest rate, which may explain why the monetary policy was not particularly effective in the economic recovery after the global financial crisis.     

货币供应量能预测中国通货膨胀吗?

研究表明,M0,M1,M2均对我国通货膨胀没有影响,且不能预测通货膨胀。因此,在短期内不能单纯采用控制货币供应量的货币政策来治理通货膨胀。但是,即便货币供应量对通货膨胀没有影响,仍不能否认货币供应量作为中介目标的意义,也不意味着可以任意地发行货币。     

住房价格、消费与中国货币政策最优选择:基于异质性房价预期的视角

在异质性房价预期和流动性约束条件下,本文构建了包括家庭消费决策、企业生产决策以及中央银行货币政策决策的理论模型。在此基础上,本文采用混合的RBC-VAR方法和1998年1季度至2010年3季度的数据模拟分析了住房价格、消费和货币政策选择之间的关系。结果表明:预期房价上涨的家庭越多,住房价格波动对消费波动的影响越大;贷款价值比越高,住房价格波动对消费波动的放大效应越强,但经验证据并没有支持这种放大效应;盯住住房价格的货币政策获益很少,其在减少产出波动的同时增加了通货膨胀波动。因此,中国人民银行应遏制房价偏离均衡的上涨,尤其是房价上涨预期,但货币政策不宜盯住住房价格。     

货币供给的内生性与货币政策的效率——兼评我国当前货币政策的有效性

货币内生性理论指出公众的货币需求会直接影响中央银行的货币供给。因此 ,公众通过调整货币需求可以对中央银行的货币政策效果产生不确定的影响。本文利用货币内生性理论来分析公众行为对中央银行为稳定物价水平而采取的政策效果的影响 ;并通过实证分析证实我国M2 的供给有较强的内生性 ;我国货币政策在治理通货膨胀和通货紧缩的效果上存在着不对称性 ,以此可重新认识我国当前通货政策的有效性。     

How justified is abandoning money in the conduct of monetary policy in Australia on the grounds of instability in the money‐demand function?

The role of money in the design and conduct of monetary policy has reemerged as an important issue in both advanced and developing economies, especially since the 2007 global financial crisis. A growing body of recent literature suggests that the causal relationship between money supply growth and inflation remains intact across countries and over time and that this relation is not conditional on the stability of the money‐demand function or whether money is endogenous or exogenous. Moreover, critical for a rule‐based monetary policy is the presence of a long‐run stable money‐demand function, rather than a short‐run money‐demand model that may exhibit instability for many reasons, including problems with estimating a money‐demand model with high‐frequency data. Provided that a stable money‐demand function exists, it could be useful to establish long‐run equilibrium relations among money, output, prices, and exchange rates, as the classical monetary theory suggests. Within this analytical framework, this paper addresses the question of whether money has any role in the conduct of monetary policy in Australia. The conventional wisdom is that the money‐demand function in Australia has been unstable since the mid‐1980s due to financial deregulation and reforms; this led to a change in the strategy of monetary policy for price stability in the form of inflation targeting that ignores money insofar as inflation and its control are concerned. This paper reports empirical findings for Australia, obtained from a longer quarterly data series over the period 1960Q1–2015Q1, which suggest that instability in the narrow‐money‐demand function in Australia was primarily due to the exclusion of variables which have become important in the deregulated environment since the 1980s. These findings are confirmed by an expanded form of the narrow‐money‐demand function that was found stable over the past two decades, although it experienced multiple structural breaks over the study period. The paper draws the conclusion that abandoning the monetary aggregate as an instrument of monetary policy in Australia, under a rule‐based monetary policy such as inflation targeting, cannot be justified by instability in the money‐demand function or even by lack of a causal link between money supply growth and inflation.     

Asymmetric expectation effects of regime shifts in monetary policy

This paper addresses two substantive issues: (1) Does the magnitude of the expectation effect of regime switching in monetary policy depend on a particular policy regime? (2) Under which regime is the expectation effect quantitatively important? Using two canonical DSGE models, we show that there exists asymmetry in the expectation effect across regimes. The expectation effect under the dovish policy regime is quantitatively more important than that under the hawkish regime. These results suggest that the possibility of regime shifts in monetary policy can have important effects on rational agents' expectation formation and on equilibrium dynamics. They offer a theoretical explanation for the empirical possibility that a policy shift from the dovish regime to the hawkish regime may not be the main source of substantial reductions in the volatilities of inflation and output.