A portfolio approach to climate investments: CAPM and endogenous risk

Is there a role for investments in climate change mitigation despite low expected return? We use a model of intertemporal expected utility maximisation to analyse this question. Similar to the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) the rate of return depends on the correlation of risk between the return on investments in climate change mitigation and the market portfolio, but in contrast to the classical CAPM we admit the fact that economic and environmental systems are jointly determined, implying that environmental risk is endogenous. Therefore, investments in climate change mitigation may reduce risk via self-protection and self-insurance. If risk reduction is accounted for in cost–benefit evaluations, climate investments may be justified despite low expected return. These aspects of climate investments are not, however, communicated via standard cost–benefit analyses of climate policy. Optimal climate policy may therefore be more ambitious than previously considered.     

高技术产业与经济增长关系的实证研究

基于中国东、中、西部的省级面板数据,运用面板数据单位根检验、协整检验与误差纠正模型,对我国高技术产业发展与经济增长的长期关系和短期关系进行了比较研究。研究结果表明,中国东、中、西部地区的高技术产业发展与经济增长之间的关系表现出显著的地区差异：东部地区高技术产业发展与经济增长之间具有单向的长期因果关系和短期因果关系;中部地区高技术产业发展与经济增长之间具有双向长期因果关系和单向短期因果关系;西部地区高技术产业发展与经济增长之间具有双向长期因果关系和双向短期因果关系。在此基础上,从区域化发展战略规划、政府引导、税收政策以及教育体制和科研体制建设等四个方面,提出了中国高技术产业发展的相关政策建议。     

A new ICEEMDAN-based transfer entropy quantifying information flow between real estate and policy uncertainty

We quantify the dependence between real estate indices and global economic policy uncertainty for 12 top-advanced countries. Generally, real estate investments are found to be highly risky to information flow from global economic policy uncertainty. amidst policy uncertainty, we find diversification, safe haven, and hedging prospects – based on the market conditions – at short term frequencies only, for the pairs between (a) Japan and the US; (b) Singapore and the US; (c) China and Canada; (d) China and Hong Kong. Our findings underscore market efficiency (inefficiency) at mid-and long-term (short-term) frequencies. In the presence of policy uncertainty, our findings underscore the operability of ingrained market dynamics between real estate investments in the mid-and long-term horizons. It is prudent for investors to combine real estate investments with other asset classes that are less risky to (or are positive recipients of) information flow from global EPU to hedge against adverse market shocks from any asset in the portfolio based on market conditions. Practically, not only should legislations be flexible to the changing market trends in the short term, but they should also be strategically crafted to retain the fundamental market dynamics between real estate investments in the mid-and long-term economic horizons.     

As times goes by. A dynamic impact assessment of the innovation policy and the Matthew effect on Argentinean firms

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of public funds for innovation on firm’s capabilities, innovative dynamics and economic performance. A large stream of literature about the evaluation of public funds is focused on testing the existence of additionality effects on investments and results. This paper aims to provide evidence about other dimensions of the firm that public policy can alter, with focus on the time window between the treatment and the impact, and the role of the Matthew effect (recurrence) in this process. The empirical exercise is based on a dynamic panel data made of 1465 firms (3337 observations) that applied to the Argentinean Technological Fund (FONTAR), which is the main public fund for innovation in Argentina, between 2007 and 2016. Results show short-term effects of accessing to FONTAR on firms’ capabilities, medium-term effects on innovation efforts and long-term effects on productivity. Even though the effect on productivity is larger among recurrent firms, the differences among recurrent and non-recurrent firms are not conclusive in case of capabilities and innovation efforts. All in all, this research provides evidence about the ‘when’ of public policy and the need to look beyond input additionality effects when analysing its impact.     

我国金融风险预警指标体系研究

文章在综合国内外研究成果及我国国情的基础上,将金融风险的预警范围分为宏观经济环境、银行体系、经济泡沫、外部冲击以及债务影响等五个方面,具体选择了22项先行指标,构建了一个较为全面完整的金融风险预警指标体系,并采用AHP赋权法对我国金融风险状况进行综合评价。文章运用新构建的预警指标体系从长期、中期和短期三个不同的期限对我国现阶段金融体系的风险状况进行了实证检验,检验结果表明,无论是中长期还是短期,我国的金融体系都没有发出明显的金融风险预警,但是,也有不少指标处于不安全区域,最后,根据实证检验结果,提出了适当控制GDP的增长速度;防止经济从危机走向过热的另一个极端;努力缓解人民币汇率升值的压力;适当降低M2以及信贷发放规模这两项指标的增长率;适当控制国债规模等建议,从而使金融体系的风险降至最低。     

财政支出结构与经济增长

通过构建理论模型和经验模型,我们可以得出以下结论:(1)财政支出总水平与经济增长负相关,财政生产性支出与经济增长正相关。(2)财政人力资本投资比物质资本投资更能提高经济增长率。(3)用于科学研究的支出所带来的经济增长远远高于物质资本投资和人力资本投资所带来的经济增长。这些结论对政府今后调整财政支出政策,优化财政支出结构,确定财政支出重点,具有重要的政策含义。     

环保投资与经济增长实证研究——基于我国东中西部区域比较视角

本文在比较分析我国东、中、西部地区环保投资现状的基础上,运用面板单位根检验、协整检验及误差修正模型,就三大地区环保投资对经济增长的影响状况进行了实证研究.结果表明,三大地区的环保投资与GDP之间均存在着长期的协整关系,但不管是城市环境基础设施建设投资还是工业污染源治理投资,投资效益都很低.为使三大区域环保投资对经济增长的拉动作用最大化,实现环保与经济增长的共赢发展,应不断完善环保投资制度,加大资金投入,提高环保投资效率并优化环保投资结构.     

中国货币供给与经济增长关系的实证研究

金融危机爆发后,为了保持经济平稳高速增长,中国制定了一揽子财政政策和货币政策。将货币政策的中介指标货币供给量与经济增长之间的关系进行实证研究,结果表明:中国实际货币供给量与实际经济增长之间有长期稳定的均衡关系;中国实际经济增长率是实际货币供给增长率的格兰杰原因,但实际货币增长率却不是实际经济增长率的格兰杰原因。     

上市公司行为短期化：来自现金分配的证据

股利政策被认为是公司发展战略的重要组成部份。本文在分析股利分配相关理论的基础上，通过对我国上市公司股利分配政策的考察，分析了可能影响公司股利政策的一些指标变量，并利用相关模型进行检验。研究结果表明，我国上市公司在决定是否发放现金股利和发放多少时，主要是依据公司短期盈利指标，较少考虑公司的长期发展指标。上市公司这种短期化的现金分配政策隐含着长期投资风险较大，导致投资者行为普遍短期化，从而加剧股票市场的波动。     

基于ECM模型的投资拉动与经济增长波动关系实证分析——以苏州市为例

运用计量经济分析工具,分析了1981—2008年苏州市全社会固定资产与经济增长的动态关系,发现两者存在长期协整关系。运用ECM模型定量分析了全社会固定资产投资变动对经济增长波动的影响,当短期波动偏离长期均衡时,误差修正调整系数则以-0.267的力度反作用于经济增长的波动,从而使两者间呈现不断向均衡状态变化的总体趋势。     

China's Transport Infrastructure Investment: Past,Present, and Future

China has been heavily investing in transportation infrastructure since the 1990s. Consequently, connectivity has been significantly improved, both within China and between China and other countries. Such large‐scale investments have been made possible by various financing mechanisms from the central government, local governments, and the private sector. Research findings generally indicate that these infrastructure investments bring economic prosperity to the country, affect the distribution of economic activities, reduce poverty to a certain extent, and promote economic integration. The future trends of connectivity changes in China and relevant policy recommendations are also discussed in this paper.     

When do Heuristics Matter in Global Capital Markets? The Case of the BRIC Acronym

ABSTRACT

Several recent publications have argued that the use of heuristics by financial investors can distort global capital flows, but scholars have paid little attention to the scope conditions that determine when heuristics become influential (and when they don’t). Building on work in economic sociology and behavioural finance we suggest that the degree to which investment heuristics can bias aggregate capital flows depends on the levels of uncertainty and self-referentiality that structure the environments under which investment decisions are being made. Applying these insights to the two principal global markets for corporate investment, we argue that the institutional structure of markets for short-term portfolio equity investments (PEI) is far more conducive to trigger the mimetic adoption of a specific heuristic than in markets for long-term foreign direct investments (FDI). To test this hypothesis, we leverage the high level of arbitrariness of the selection of Brazil, Russia, India and China into the BRIC acronym and empirically examine the impact of its remarkable rise to prominence among communities of financial investors in the mid-2000s on global capital flows to emerging economies. In line with the theoretical argument, we find robust evidence of a strong BRIC-bias in markets for PEI but not FDI.     

中、韩贸易与投资一体化的实证分析

中韩建交以来,中韩贸易迅速发展,随着韩国企业对华投资的增多,贸易与投资呈现长期均衡关系。本文就韩国企业对华投资与中韩贸易进行实证分析,进一步论证贸易与投资一体化理论,同时结合实际分析中韩贸易与投资一体化的原因。     

Financial liberalization,private investment and portfolio choice: Financialization of real sectors in emerging markets

Using firm level panel data, we analyze the impacts of rates of return gap between financial and fixed investments under uncertainty on real investment performance in three emerging markets, Argentina, Mexico and Turkey. Employing a portfolio choice model to explain the low fixed investment rates in developing countries during the 1990s, we suggest that rather than investing in irreversible long-term fixed investments, firms may choose to invest in reversible short-term financial investments depending on respective rates of returns and the overall uncertainty in the economy. The empirical results show that increasing rates of return gap and uncertainty have an economically and statistically significant fixed investment reducing effect while the opposite is true with respect to financial investments.     

我国的政府教育支出与经济增长——基于1980—2011年的数据分析

对于政府教育支出与经济增长的关系实证研究并没有确定的结论。本文利用我国1980-2011年的时间序列数据分析了政府教育支出对经济增长的影响。实证研究表明,无论是在长期还是短期内政府教育支出都对经济增长具有正的显著的影响,即我国的政府教育支出能够促进经济增长。 Granger因果检验表明,我国的政府教育支出与经济增长之间存在双向因果关系。另外,长期中政府教育支出对经济增长的影响效果大于短期。这说明政府教育支出对经济增长的影响是个长期的累积过程,因而教育投入不应该是一种短期行为。目前我国政府的教育支出仍处于相对较低的水平,具有较大的提升空间,从而具有推动经济增长的巨大潜力。因此,为保持经济的持续增长,在近期和长期内不断加大政府对教育的投入、优化教育资源的配置应是一项极其重要的教育政策。     

农村金融发展与农村经济增长——一个动态演化分析视角

农村金融发展对于农村经济增长具有重要的推动作用.运用1978-2010年的相关数据和时变参数模型估计方法,就我国农村金融发展与农村经济增长之间的动态关系进行探寻.首先,协整检验与误差修正模型的估计结果显示:无论是长期还是短期,农村金融发展规模对于农村经济增长具有正向促进作用,而农村金融中介效率却对农村经济增长起到了负向抑制作用.时变参数模型的估计结果则进一步发现:农村金融发展规模对农村经济增长的促进作用在整体上呈现弱化趋势,当前的正向作用机制比较微弱;而农村金融中介效率对农村经济增长的抑制作用经历了一个先减弱后增强的“倒V”型变化过程.     

A Keynesian explanation of Indian government bond yields

Abstract

John Maynard Keynes held that the central bank’s actions mainly determine long-term interest rates through short-term interest rates and various monetary policy measures. His conjectures about the determinants of long-term interest rates were made in the context of advanced capitalist economies and were based on his views on liquidity preference, ontological uncertainty, and the formation of investors’ expectations. Is Keynes’s conjecture that the central bank’s action is the main driver of long-term interest rates valid in emerging markets, such as India? This paper empirically investigates the determinants of changes in Indian government bonds’ nominal yields. Changes in short-term interest rates, after controlling for other crucial variables, such as changes in the rate of inflation and the rate of economic activity, take a lead role in driving the changes of the nominal yields of Indian government bonds. This suggests that Keynes’s views on long-term interest rates can also be applicable to emerging markets. The empirical findings reveal that higher fiscal deficits do not appear to exert upward pressures on government bond yields in India.     

不同养老保障机制与家庭储蓄率——基于世代交叠模型的实证研究

目前,我国的养老保障机制采用以社会养老保险为基础的多渠道养老保险机制,家庭成员赡养、个人金融投资和养老保险就成为了三种主要方式。这一结论已经得到了学术界的广泛认可,然而我国不同养老渠道之间的比例和关系尚缺乏实证研究。家庭自主的金融资产投资、家庭成员之间的赡养效果还没有得到充分的检验。文章基于2008年和2009年的中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,首次运用2005年政策调整后的数据进行实证研究,对我国养老金财富、个人金融投资以及家庭成员赡养率之间的关系进行了分析研究。文章根据传统的世代交叠模型,针对现有数据,建立了一个三期世代交叠模型,然后分析了不同渠道养老保险收入对家庭储蓄率的影响。研究结果表明,基本养老金财富与个人金融投资对非退休人群的储蓄有显著的负向影响,退休者的储蓄率主要受家庭成员赡养影响,并且呈负相关的关系。     

外商直接投资对经济增长的短期和长期效应——浙江1983-2004年时间序列

1980年代以来浙江的外商直接投资迅猛发展。文章利用1983—2004年时间序列,分二个时段就外商直接投资对浙江经济增长的短期效应和长期效应进行实证分析。结果表明在这段时间里外商直接投资对浙江经济增长无论短期还是长期都有显著的促进作用,超前2年的浙江外商直接投资对浙江经济发展的长期供给溢出效应作用大于当年的浙江外商直接投资对浙江经济发展的短期需求拉动作用。无论从短期效应看还是对长期效应而言,后时段(1992—2004年)比前时段(1983—1992年)作用大。最后提出进一步吸引外资、促进浙江经济增长的政策建议。     

Optimal foreign debt for Egypt: A stochastic control approach

This study assesses the foreign debt policy in Egypt and contrasts it versus the optimal policy during the period 1985–2008. It also presents a forecast of the optimal debt during the period 2009–2014. The optimal debt policy was derived using an open economy model for Egypt. The uncertainties in the model stem from the uncertainties in the interest or debt service payments and the uncertainties in the rate of return on investments. The stochastic control approach was used to find the optimal debt policy. It was found that Egypt could borrow externally as long as the trend in the rate of return on investments exceeds the trend in the real interest rate or the trend in the rate of the debt service payments. The analysis finds that Egypt's foreign debt was higher than the optimal level before 1997. After 1997, foreign debt seems to converge to the optimal level. However, Egypt's foreign debt is still below its optimal level which results in an opportunity cost for the economy to grow, otherwise, GDP could have recorded a favorable increase.