现代成本会计具体表现的分析

成本会计是以成本为对象。服务于企业内部经营管理的专业会计。传统的成本会计主要是对企业生产经营过程中发生的费用,在有关总分类账户的统驭下进行归集、分配,计算出有关成本计算对象的成本,并进行分析和考核。现代成本会计是成本核算与生产经营的直接结合,它是运用专门的管理技术和方法。以货币为主要计量单位,对生产经营过程中的劳动耗费进行预测、决策、计划、控制、核算、分析和考核的一系列价值管理活动。     

企业质量成本控制探析

文章分析了企业产品设计、原材料采购、产品生产、产品检验、产品销售以及售后服务一系列生产经营过程中的质量成本控制;阐述了预防成本、内部损失成本、外部损失成本、鉴定成本四类质量成本对企业生产经营活动产生的影响,并就质量成本控制进行了探讨。     

浅谈目标成本管理

目标成本管理是企业生产经营的重要组成部分。企业根据市场情况，确定生产经营目标，以成本为中心，进行事前预测，衡量各项活动在经济上的合理性，进行成本决策调整、研究和分析考核等一系列管理活动。     

对国家电网公司小型基建工程审计的重点和方法探讨

国家电网公司小型基建项目是指为生产经营服务的生产调度设施、供用电营业用房和不直接产生经济效益的非经营性基建项目(含科研、培训、办公用房、事业单位)等基建项目。目前国家电网公司各单位广泛开展了对小型工程项目的审计。如何提高小型基建投资效益?审计部门作为小型基建管理最后一个环节,参与项目的成本控制、对项目前期、过程、绩效等环节进行评价,本文通过描述管理中各个环节存在的现象,分析审计重点及方法,提出管理建议,有利于管理水平的提升。     

浅谈战略成本管理会计

一、战略成本管理会计内涵我国《成本管理大辞典》认为,成本管理是对企业的产品生产和经营过程中所发生的产品成本有组织、有系统地进行预测、决策、计划、控制、核算、分析和考核等一系列的科学管理工作。其目的在于组织和动员群众,在保证产品质量的前提下,挖掘降低成本的途径,达到以最少的生产耗费取得最大的生产成果。     

对企业成本管理的探析

成本管理是企业生产经营过程中各项成本核算、分析、决策和控制等一系列科学管理行为的总称。成本管理的目的，就是要充分动员和组织企业主体人员，在保证产品质量的前提下，对企业生产经营过程的各个环节进行科学合理的管理，力求最少生产耗费取得最大的生产成果。成本管理是企业管理的一个重要组成部分，要求系统全面、科学和合理，对于促进增产节支、加强经济核算，改进企业管理，提高企业整体成本管理水平具有重大意义。     

论现代企业成本管理存在的问题及加强对策

成本管理是指：企业生产经营过程中各项成本核算、成本分析、成本决策和成本控制等一系列科学管理行为的总称。成本管理一般包括成本预测、成本决策、成本计划、成本核算、成本控制、成本分析、成本考核等职能。     

施工企业成本管理浅析

施工企业成本管理是其财务管理的核心,是施工企业日常财务管理的重点.企业为适应市场经济的要求,为求生存、求发展,施工企业必须逐步转变成经营模式,转变成本管理经营理念,提高全员成本意识,同时加强制度建设,完善成本管理措施,推出一系列新的管理办法,在实践中摸索出一套行之有效的成本管理办法.笔者长期在施工企业工作,在施工企业成本管理方面做出以下分析:     

浅谈关于企业物资管理的经验与体会

企业物资管理工作的开展是企业进行生产经营及管理工作中的重要组成，物质管理工作的开展关系着企业的生产经营成本的控制，对企业的生存及发展具有一定的影响作用。对于生产型企业，物质管理工作会显得更为重要，因为企业要想确保生产经营活动得以顺利的进行，其前提条件便是生产经营过程中所需的原料的供应要及时充足，而生产出的物资成品保管完善等。文章就企业物质管理工作的相关理论概念、物资管理工作的实际状况进行简单的阐述，就企业物质管理工作开展中所存在的问题及相应的改进对策等进行本人经验与体会的探讨。     

如何加强成本管理

成本管理是企业日常经营管理的一项中心工作,加强生产成本管理、规范生产成本核算是企业管理的核心业务,在企业生产经营实践中起着相当重要的作用。成本管理是指对企业生产经营过程中发生的费用通过一系列方法进行预测,决策,核算,分析,控制,考核,等的科学管理工作。主要目的是降低成本,提高企业的经济效益。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。