再生产抑或循环:女性的职业阶层不平等与社会流动研究

当前我国社会职业阶层结构的开放对于男性和女性有着不同的意义,代际和代内社会职业阶层流动表明,女性的总流动率和上升流动率均低于男性,女性更多地受到父代尤其是母亲职业地位的影响,而男性则更容易通过自身努力从较低的社会职业阶层跻身到职业地位的上层。由此我们可以理解尽管社会流动率在增加,但是女性与男性的社会地位仍存在着较大的差距。     

浅论社会流动对我国的影响

随着我国社会经济的不断发展和城市化进程的不断推进,现如今,人们物质生活水平的日益提高,社会流动也成为了我国社会转型时期的一个十分典型的社会现象。以前的社会流动,主要是农村人口的流动,而在时代的不断进步之下,城市和城市之间的流动也开始逐渐对我国社会的各方面都产生了巨大的影响。本文就现如今我国的人口流动对于我国造成的影响进行简单的论述,旨在为相关研究,贡献出一份属于自己的力量。     

职业流动中社会资本效用时代差异的实证分析——以广西为例

个人社会资本在职业流动中的效用存在着时代差异。这是由于我国社会的急剧变迁特别是1978年的改革开放以及1992年开始的我国实行以市场化为目标的经济体制改革,给我国的职业流动带来重大而深远的影响,导致了社会资本在职业流动中效用的差异。我们在对我国职业流动进行社会资本分析时,应该结合我国的特殊国情,特别是要考虑时代类型因素,只有这样,我们实证分析的结果才会切合我国实际,并为我国的职业流动提供科学的指导。     

中国人口迁移流动现状及发展趋势

根据第五次人口普查,我国人口迁移率达9.74%,人口流动率达12.33%。人口的迁移流动,以经济因素为主,以女性为多,且迁移流动者的文化程度普遍高于其他人口。由于城乡经济社会发展的差异,会有越来越多的人口向城市迁移。按城市化发展规律,城镇化发展需要的新增人口数量,低于农村人口外出迁移数,农村人口迁移对城市发展带来很大压力。为了实现人口顺利迁移流动,需要相应的配套策略。     

职业流动中的性别差异:审视中国城市劳动力市场

本文旨在回答以下问题:(1)在中国城市劳动力市场中,职业流动性别差异以何种模式体现?(2)职业流动性别差异主要受哪些因素决定?文章使用第二次中国妇女社会地位调查数据,预测人力资本、家庭因素、社会资本、市场结构转型对男女职业流动的影响。实证结果表明:在经济转型期间,人力资本因素并不能完全解释我国职业流动的性别差异,而家庭特征、社会资本以及劳动力市场结构变动都对职业流动性别差异产生显著影响。     

职业流动中的性别差异：审视中国城市劳动力市场

本文旨在回答以下问题：（1）在中国城市劳动力市场中，职业流动性别差异以何种模式体现？（2）职业流动性别差异主要受哪些因素决定？文章使用第二次中国妇女社会地位调查数据，预测人力资本、家庭因素、社会资本、市场结构转型对男女职业流动的影响。实证结果表明：在经济转型期间，人力资本因素并不能完全解释我国职业流动的性别差异，而家庭特征、社会资本以及劳动力市场结构变动都对职业流动性别差异产生显著影响。     

职业水平流动和垂直流动对农民工城市融入的影响

本文基于全国106个城市流动人口调查数据,采用计量分析的方法,考察不同类型职业流动对农民工城市融入意愿的影响。研究发现,职业水平流动对农民工城市融入意愿有显著的负向影响,职业垂直上升流动对农民工的城市融入意愿有显著的正向影响。职业垂直上升流动的跨度以及最后进入的职业层次的高低都会对其城市融入意愿产生不同的影响:最初职业为一般劳动力,通过职业垂直上升进入到管理精英阶层的农民工,他们的城市融入意愿高于进入到技术精英阶层的群体,而从技术精英转为管理精英的农民工群体的城市融入意愿更强。     

中国工程承包企业对当地雇员的流动管理

随着中国对外承包工程企业人力资源属地化的不断推进,保持当地雇员相对稳定、减少其流失成为企业人力资源管理的重点和难点。本文分析了当地雇员高流动率对中国对外承包工程企业的不利影响,并从国家、企业、项目和个人四个层面探究造成当地雇员流动的原因,最后提出针对性的管理策略,为合理降低当地雇员流动率、优化其流动管理提供参考。     

当前中国农民的社会流动及其走向

改革开放以来,长期被禁锢在土地上的中国亿万农民开始了缓慢而又艰难的从无序到有序的流动,农民社会流动,实质上就是农民社会地位的变迁。但是,农民社会流动,只不过是农民为寻找其他生活来源而暂时或长期离开农村而处于流动状态,仅仅是“位置的移动”,其身分仍然是农民,其社会地位仍然处于社会的底层。当前我国农民社会流动的长期固定不变反映了我国社会变迁与转型的深层次惰性。本文从社会流动的角度分析当前中国社会农民的社会地位现状及其流动走向,并指出当前中国农民的社会流动方式主要是职业流动、城乡流动和阶层流动,并呈现出职业上的…     

怎样改变酒店员工高流动率的现状

现在的酒店行业员工流动十分频繁，成为困扰酒店管理者的一个难题，而且随着酒店业竞争的日趋激烈，员工高流动率一直居高不下。据中国旅游协会人力资源开发培训中心对国内23个城市33家二至五星级饭店人力资源的一项调查，从1994年至1999年，饭店业员工的流动率分别是25．64％，     

Job mobility of residents and migrants in urban China

The large-scale reform of the state-owned sector and the development of a private sector in the 1990s changed the nature of employment in urban China. The system of allocated, lifelong jobs, denoted the iron rice bowl, that had previously prevailed under state planning was eroded, permitting more labor turnover and mobility. Using an urban household survey for 1999 that has rich data on job duration and job change, we analyze inter-firm mobility in the urban labor market, its evolution, and its explanation. A distinction is made between the institutionally favored urban residents and the rural–urban migrants. The mobility rate of migrants greatly exceeds that of urban residents. The extent, patterns, determinants, and consequences of mobility for the two groups are explored and compared. Journal of Comparative Economics 32 (4) (2004) 637–660.     

Occupational and Job Mobility in the US*

We propose a new methodology to measure worker mobility across occupations and jobs in the US, building on the limited longitudinal dimension of monthly CPS data. For the period 1979–2006, we find that about 3.5% of male workers employed in two consecutive months report different three‐digit occupations. This rate is procyclical, mildly rising in the 1980s and falling after 1995. We also revise upward current estimates of aggregate job‐to‐job mobility since 1994, from 2.7% to 3.2% of employment per month. Despite extreme similarity of average levels and time‐series behavior, occupational and job mobility are only weakly correlated.     

中国城镇个人收入流动性研究

利用中国社会科学院经济研究所收入分配课题组1995年和2002年两次城镇居民住户调查数据,本文对城镇个人收入的流动性进行了经验分析,发现在1998—2002年间中国城镇个人的收入流动性比1991—1995年间显著下降。这种下降是全局性的,即不同特征人群的收入流动性都呈现出同步下降的趋势。1991—1995年间出现的较高的收入流动性,其结果是低文化程度者、退休人员和集体企业职工等人群迅速沉入收入分布的底层,而金融业人员、机关事业单位人员和管理人员等人群迅速升至收入分布的顶层。而1998—2002年期间,收入流动性的降低使得收入阶层的分化趋于稳定化。     

INCOME REDISTRIBUTION IN URBAN CHINA BY SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM—AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON ANNUAL AND LIFETIME INCOME

This study investigates the redistributive effect of social security reform in urban China using the nationally representative urban household surveys of 1995 and 2002. The main findings are as follows. First, public pension is the main income for the elderly in urban China. The majority of people aged 60 and over (72% in 1995 and 82% in 2002) receive a pension. Second, the social security system in urban China has increased the income of low‐income and older age groups and reduced the relative poverty rate. However, the redistributive effect did not offset the expanding income inequality, which resulted in the Gini coefficient of redistributed income in 2002 being higher than that in 1995. Third, during 1995 and 2002, both low‐income and high‐income groups received a positive net benefit from the social security system, but the net benefit increased with income. The Chinese social security system lacks progressivity in contribution, and does not favor the poor in terms of benefits. Fourth, assuming that the reformed policy was applied to public sector employees, the long‐term redistributive effect of the pension system for the working population, calculated using their lifetime income, is larger. (JEL D31, H55, I38)     

中国城镇居民的职业流动性研究—来自微观数据的经验分析

采用了微观的城镇居民调查数据,对我国当前职业流动的特征进行了考查,研究了性别、年龄、教育程度、婚姻状况及收入水平等劳动者的个体特征与职业流动性之间的关系。不同性别之间的职业流动并无显著差异,教育程度越高的流动性越强,未婚者的流动性低于已婚者,劳动者的流动性与收入水平成反比,而职业流动性随着年龄的增大而减小。     

Long run trends in unemployment and labor force participation in urban China

Unemployment rates in countries across the world are strongly correlated with GDP. China is an unusual outlier from the pattern, whose official government statistics show abnormally low, and suspiciously stable, unemployment rates relative to its GDP. This paper reports estimates of China’s unemployment rate for its local urban Hukou population using a more reliable, nationally representative dataset for that population than in prior work, and which spans a longer period of history than in the past literature. The unemployment rates we calculate differ dramatically from those supplied in official data and are much more consistent with what is known about key historical developments in China’s labor market. The rate averaged 3.7% in 1988–1995, when the labor market was highly regulated and dominated by state-owned enterprises, but rose sharply during the period of mass layoff from 1995 to 2002, reaching an average of 9.5% in the subperiod from 2002 to 2009. The rates were even higher when demographic composition is held fixed. We can also calculate labor force participation rates, which are not available in official statistics at all. We find that they declined throughout the whole period, particularly in 1995–2002 when the unemployment rate increased most significantly. We also find that the impacts of these changes fell most heavily on the unskilled (women, those with less education, and younger individuals). Finally, estimates of unemployment and labor force participation rates are also provided for all urban residents, including migrants without local urban Hukou, and show the same patterns of change over time.     

The effects of progressive income taxation on job turnover

We examine whether the level of the income tax rate and the convexity of the income tax schedule affect job mobility, as measured by moving to a better job. While the predicted effect of the level of the tax rate is ambiguous, we predict that an increase in the convexity of the tax schedule decreases job search activity by taxing away some of the benefits of a successful job search. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we estimate that both higher tax rates and increased tax rate progressivity decrease the probability that a head of household will move to a better job during the coming year. Our estimates imply that a five-percentage-point reduction in the marginal tax rate increases the average probability of moving to a better job by 0.79 percentage points (a 8.0% increase in the turnover propensity) and that a one-standard-deviation decrease in our measure of tax progressivity would increase this probability by 0.86 percentage points (a 8.7% increase in the turnover propensity). This estimate is robust to sensitivity analysis examining the importance of different sources of identification and variation in estimated effects across subgroups in the population. Our estimated importance of tax policy for job turnover suggests a potential role in explaining the responsiveness of taxable income to marginal tax rates.     

Earnings mobility in Spain: the role of job mobility and contractual arrangements

This paper analyses the relationship between earnings mobility, job mobility and changes in the contractual arrangement in Spain using a sample of Spanish workers aged 16–60 years extracted from the European Community Household Panel Survey (ECHP 1995–2001). Overall, earnings mobility remains mostly unchanged over time, although clear differences, both in terms of levels and trends, can be perceived among different types of workers. Results show that, in general, job mobility contributes to increase earnings mobility. Switching into permanent contract are associated with the highest probability of upgrading among those workers who remain with the same employer. In contrast, the highest risk of downgrading among stayers appears when changing from permanent to temporary. An analysis on low pay/no low pay transitions reveals that job mobility always increases the probability of moving from low pay to better-paid jobs among females. For males, in contrast, this occurs only when they were initially employed on a temporary basis. Furthermore, for females it is found that either switching into permanent contract while staying with the same employer, or changing employer while being employed on a permanent basis yield a higher chance of upgrading than staying with the same employer with a permanent contract.      

JOB MOBILITY IN BRITAIN: ARE THE SCOTS DIFFERENT? EVIDENCE FROM THE BHPS†

The Scottish extension‐sample of the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) is used to shed light on differences in job mobility patterns in England and Scotland for both men and women. Based on probit estimates of the overall mobility rate, a new decomposition technique is applied to distinguish between explained and unexplained differences. Furthermore, exploiting data on the number of job changes, a zero inflated Poisson model is estimated to provide information on possible differences in the expected number of job changes. Overall, there is evidence that suggests significant differences in mobility patterns south and north of the Borders; however, this is confined to men. Yet, whether this suffices to justify a heterogeneous regional labour market remains to be seen.     

Changes in Job Structure and Rising Wage Inequality in Urban China, 1995-2007

We use household surveys from 1995, 2002, and 2007 to examine how changes in job structure contributed to China’s rising urban wage inequality, considering three job characteristics: occupation, industry, and firm ownership. The explanatory power of job structure for wage inequality increased between 1995 and 2007. Both the change in relative number of jobs (composition effect) and the change in between-job and within-job wage gaps (price effect) contributed to rising wage inequality. Price effect was the major contributor, whereas composition effect played a larger role in the 1995–2002 period than in the 2002–2007 period, and at the lower-half distribution. Between-job inequality played a major role in the first period, and within-job inequality played a major role in the second period. Our results suggest that both technological change and institutional features influence job structure and wage inequality.