湿地经济价值的研究

湿地是一种有着较高生产力的生态系统，它可以为经济系统提供多种服务，具有重要的经济价值，湿地的经济价值来源于湿地内部生物，物理，化学组分之间的相互作用过程，其价值的大小取决于湿地规模大小，作用性质和该湿地所处的人类社会经济环境。近年来，有关湿地经济价值评估的理论与方法研究已引起了人们的广泛关注，本文系统分析了各类湿地经济价值，探讨了对湿地经济价值进行评估的理论依据。同时概括总结出了对各种湿地服务功能进行评估的方法。     

洞庭湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

在实地调查和试验的基础上，依据资源经济学和生态经济学的理论和方法，针对洞庭湖湿地资源的特点，对洞庭湖湿地的生态服务功能价值——直接利用价值和间接利用价值进行了货币化评估，由此得出洞庭湖湿地的生态服务功能价值为80．72亿元；其中调蓄洪水的价值为37．12亿元，占45．99％；研究结果表明，洞庭湖湿地生态服务功能价值主要表现在调蓄洪水、供水和调节气候等方面的价值。因此，只有合理开发洞庭湖湿地资源，保护好洞庭湖区湿地生态环境，才能实现洞庭湖区湿地资源的可持续利用，保证湖区经济的可持续发展。     

滨海湿地生态系统服务及其价值评估——以胶州湾为例

选择胶州湾湿地作为研究区域,研究了其生态系统服务的类型并评估了各类生态系统服务价值。结果表明:2009年胶州湾湿地生态系统服务总价值为152.71×107元。其中,食品生产占56.57%,这表明胶州湾湿地物质产品供给占重要地位。其次调节功能占36.12%,在胶州湾湿地生态系统中也发挥重要作用。研究只对胶州湾湿地主要生态系统服务开展了评估,因此仅为一个保守估计。     

我国海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估研究特征及态势

海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估,将生态系统服务无法由市场直接体现的效用价值量化为货币价值,是实现生态资源可持续发展的重要手段,同时也为资源合理利用和补偿、环境价值核算等提供了必要的决策依据。本文基于我国现有研究,分别从生态系统类型、时空分布、评估类别、评估技术以及信度和效度检验五个方面,系统地分析了我国海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估研究现状,识别出当前的研究特征。研究结果显示近年来我国海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估研究增长迅速,尤其以上海、山东、辽宁等沿海区域为主要研究对象;湿地和海湾海滨生态系统的研究最为密集,其中对使用价值的研究远远超过非使用价值;条件价值法和旅行成本法是主要研究方法,两种方法都以游憩价值评估为主;评估结果的信度与效度检验是当前研究的薄弱环节,也是未来研究的重点发展方向。     

浅论城市湿地公园规划设计的生态价值

文章从湿地与城市湿地公园入手,解析了湿地公园的基本功能。从湿地公园的生态价值切入,分析了城市湿地公园的生态服务价值、水调节价值与生态旅游经济价值,探讨了不同生态价值组成部分的估算方法,指出了对于城市湿地公园生态价值进行研究的重要性,丰富了城市湿地公园的规划设计的考量内容,也为进一步在其中应用生态价值估算提供了依据。     

生态系统服务分类与价值评估研究进展

生态系统服务研究是当前生态学、经济学等的研究热点与重点,相关研究日益增多。但目前关于生态系统服务的定义与内涵、分类及价值评估方法等均存在争论。文章在对国内外主要生态系统服务分类与价值评估研究进展进行梳理的基础上,对生态系统服务功能分类、价值分类和基于需求与人类福祉分类等不同分类体系进行了分析,同时对价值评估方法进行了探讨,指出了生态系统服务与价值评估方法之间的联系,提出今后应该加强生态系统服务分类体系与价值评估方法的标准化,对生态系统服务价值评估研究工作的发展趋势进行了展望。     

中国湿地生态价值评估及生态补偿标准研究

从机会成本的角度，对研究评估我国31个省份（港澳台地区除外）湿地生态价值的85篇文献进行案例分析，构建了区域湿地生态补偿标准测算思路与估测模型，并对我国31个省份的湿地生态价值及生态补偿标准进行了定量测算。结果表明：（1）从空间分布来看，湿地生态价值总量呈现由西向东递减、由西北、东北向中部递减趋势；单位面积湿地生态价值量呈现由东向西递减、由中部向东北和西北递减的趋势，这与我国植被的地带性分布梯度基本一致。（2）2018年我国湿地生态价值总量为18.36万亿元，其中调节服务价值占生态价值总量的75.55%，表明调节服务是湿地生态系统的核心功能；（3）经济欠发达地区较发达地区对生态补偿需求迫切程度较大，特别是西藏、青海应对其优先补偿。（4）我国83.87%的省份有条件支付补偿标准，16.13%的省份有较大困难支付补偿标准，其中作为大江大河的发源地和主要集水区的青海、西藏基本没有条件支付补偿标准，这为建立横向湿地生态补偿机制奠定了理论和实践基础。     

森林生态服务价值评价研究有关问题的探讨

研究生态系统服务及其经济价值评价的理论与方法，已成为当前国内外可持续发展评估研究的焦点和重要内容。本文分析了森林生态系统服务功能价值评价研究的意义．论述了近年来国内外森林生态系统服务功能价值评价研究的进展，指出了其中存在的主要问题．并在此基础上探讨了森林生态系统服务功能价值评价研究的方向与重点，以期为今后的研究提供参考。     

干旱区草型湖泊湿地价值量化评估

本文以典型干旱区草型湖泊乌梁素海湿地为研究区,在实地调查和试验的基础上,依据资源经济学和生态经济学的理论和方法,针对乌梁素海湿地资源的特点,对乌梁素海湿地的价值进行了货币化评估。评估结果表明,乌梁素海湿地的总价值为28．24×10~8元,其中直接实物产品价值为7164．70×10~4元,直接非实物服务价值为18 193．43×10~4元,间接价值为81 960．58×10~4元,目前非使用类价值为17．51×10~8元。只有合理开发乌梁素海湿地资源,保护好这一对区域环境具有重要意义的干旱区湿地生态系统,才能实现乌梁素海湿地资源的可持续利用,保证湖区经济的可持续发展。     

人工湿地生态系统服务分类及其价值评估——以临沂市武河湿地为例

湿地生态系统为人类的存在和发展提供了大量的必需品和服务。很多国家把发展人工湿地作为净化城市污水的一种途径。文章以临沂市武河湿地为例,根据国内人工湿地的建设目标和湿地生态系统的特点,重新划分人工湿地生态系统服务,建立了评价各个生态系统服务价值的评价方法。评价结果发现,武河湿地不仅实现了净化城市污水、改善当地居民健康、发展湿地旅游等设计目标,还带来了生物多样性增加等生态和社会经济效益。     

Using Meta-Analysis and GIS for Value Transfer and Scaling Up: Valuing Climate Change Induced Losses of European Wetlands

There is growing policy and academic interest in transferring ecosystem service values from existing valuation studies to other ecosystem sites at a large geographic scale. Despite the evident policy demand for this combined transfer and “scaling up” of values, an approach to value transfer that addresses the challenges inherent in assessing ecosystem changes at a national or regional level is not available. This paper proposes a methodology for scaling up ecosystem service values to estimate the welfare effects of ecosystem change at this larger geographical scale. The methodology is illustrated by applying it to value the impact of climate change on European wetlands for the period 2000–2050. The proposed methodology makes use of meta-analysis to produce a value function. The parameters of the value function include spatial variables on wetland size and abundance, GDP per capita, and population. A geographic information system is used to construct a database of wetland sites in the case study region with information on these spatial variables. Site-specific ecosystem service values are subsequently estimated using the meta-analytic value function. The proposed method is shown to enable the adjustment of transferred values to reflect variation in important spatial variables and to account for changes in the stock of ecosystems.     

海洋生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究

本文在系统分析生态系统服务功能及价值评估的研究进展基础上．探讨了海洋生态系统服务功能的内涵。根据我国海洋生态系统的特征．初步构建了海洋生态系统服务功能分类体系．研究了海洋生态系统典型服务功能的价值评价方法。最后，结合国内外研究现状．进行了海洋生态系统服务功能及价值评估研究的展望分析．提出了研究中应注意的若干问题。     

关于提升生态产品价值实现路径的思考

通过梳理我国主要生态系统各类生态产品的价值实现路径及存在问题，发现供给类和文化类生态产品可直接进行市场交易，地方行政管理者为其价值实现路径推进主体，调节类生态产品难以直接进行市场交易，必须由国家进行统筹管理。为进一步推进我国各类生态产品价值市场化，提出加快开展现有生态产品价值评估技术标准整合完善，探索实施政府特许经营、政府购买服务等形式的生态修复项目，丰富“蓝碳、海水淡化”等服务交易标的，探索建立湿地银行、生物多样性银行，开展生态旅游区精细化管控，推进供给类产品绿色生产模式等工作建议。     

洞庭湖湿地生态系统服务价值补偿投入机制研究

六大林业生态工程的推进、生态公益林补偿机制的建立已成为湿地生态补偿的先声。资金来源单一,资金不足已成为影响洞庭湖湿地生态系统服务价值补偿实践开展的最大障碍。本文主要运用实地调查与文献研究法,在实地调查了解洞庭湖湿地资源利用、保护与生态补偿现状的基础上依据生态补偿的三大原则,探讨了洞庭湖湿地生态系统服务价值补偿的投入机制,尝试解决补偿资金不足、资金来源单一的问题。     

Ecosystem services value of wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake

Based on a comprehensive analysis on various classifications of natural resource values,this paper summarizes an ecological services system of constructed wetland（CW） ecosystems for the accounting of ecological economic value.With the research,the wetland ecosystem services can be classified into six categories,that is waste treatment,food and material production,water supply,gas regulations,disturbance and water regulations,habitat and refuge provision.For decision making in terms of environmental economics for wetland construction,ecosystem services value for the wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake National Tourist and Holiday Resort is accounted for 7,088,769 USD/yr through Environmental Economics Analysis.Ecosystem services value of waste treatment is 825,000 USD/yr,that of food and material production is 1,430 USD/yr,that of water supply is 4,752,000 USD/yr,that of gas regulation is 2,251USD/yr,that of disturbance and water regulations is 1,3721 USD/yr,and that of habitat and refuge provision value is 1,494,367 USD/yr.The ecosystem services values of a pilot constructed wetland in Suzhou are compared with those of other wetlands as a mean and of a typical human-interfered wetland in Wenzhou of China.Results show that in both finite and infinite time horizons considered,the wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake National Tourist and Holiday Resort has the largest services value.This paper analyzes all the probability that may weaken the value of the Suzhou Taihu Wetland in order to provide some advices for the wetland protection.     

Approaches to valuing the hidden hydrological services of wetland ecosystems

This paper investigates the role of the production function approach in capturing the value of hydrological services of wetland ecosystems. Hydrological research in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in northern Nigeria suggests that the major role of the wet season inundation of the wetlands is in recharging the underlying aquifers. This paper shows that the hydrological services extend beyond direct use values, and have a significant economic value associated with them. Whereas the direct benefits provided by the wetlands, such as floodplain agriculture, fishing and forestry, have previously been assessed, this paper synthesizes the results of two approaches to capture the value of indirect benefits derived from the role of the wetlands in replenishing and maintaining groundwater resources within the wetland area.     

What Experimental Protocol Influence Disparities Between Actual and Hypothetical Stated Values?

Preferences elicited in hypothetical settings have recently come underscrutiny, causing estimates from the contingent valuation method to bechallenged due to perceived ``hypothetical bias.' Given that the receivedliterature derives value estimates using heterogeneous experimentaltechniques, understanding the effects of important design parameters onthe magnitude of hypothetical bias is invaluable. In this paper, we addressthis issue statistically by using a meta-analysis to examine data from 29experimental studies. Our empirical findings suggest that on averagesubjects overstate their preferences by a factor of about 3 in hypotheticalsettings, and that the degree of over-revelation is influenced by thedistinction between willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept, publicversus private goods, and several elicitation methods.     

The Empirics of Wetland Valuation: A Comprehensive Summary and a Meta-Analysis of the Literature

Wetlands are highly productive ecosystems, providing a number of goods and services that are of value to people. The open-access nature and the public-good characteristics of wetlands often result in these regions being undervalued in decisions relating to their use and conservation. There is now a substantial literature on wetland valuation, including two meta-analyses that examine subsets of the available wetland valuation literature. We collected over 190 wetland valuation studies, providing 215 value observations, in order to present a more comprehensive meta-analysis of the valuation literature that includes tropical wetlands (e.g., mangroves), estimates from diverse valuation methodologies, and a broader range of wetland services (e.g., biodiversity value). We also aim for a more comprehensive geographical coverage. We find that socio-economic variables, such as income and population density, that are often omitted from such analyses are important in explaining wetland value. We also assess the prospects for using this analysis for out-of-sample value transfer, and find average transfer errors of 74%, with just under one-fifth of the transfers showing errors of 10% or less. † This paper has not been submitted elsewhere in identical or similar form, nor will it be during the first three months after its submission to the Publisher.