1989—2010年新疆经济发展差异的区域分析

以县域为基本单元,在综合考虑各县域人均GDP和GDP总量变化的基础上,运用象限图法和泰尔指数法,分析了新疆不同县域经济发展类型和县域经济差异的时空变化趋势,结果表明：新疆县域经济呈现不同的增长类型,且在东疆、南疆、北疆之间及区内各县市之间呈现分异性。区域经济滞后型的县域明显多于经济活跃型的县域,经济活跃型的县域集中分布于天山北坡、铁路、公路主干线上,经济滞后型县域集中分布于南疆以及北疆、东疆的边远地区。泰尔指数分析结果表明,在区域总体差异扩大的同时,东疆、南疆、北疆三大区域之间的差异和区内各县域之间的差异都在逐步扩大,并且区内差异是区域总体差异的主要贡献者。     

基于泰尔系数的中国酒店业的区域差异特征分析

研究中国酒店业的区域差异特征,对于制定中国酒店业发展战略具有重要的意义.通过运用泰尔(Theil)系数,对2001-2010年中国酒店业的总体差异、地带内差异及地带间差异的时间动态特征进行分析,研究结果显示:中国酒店业总体差异、地带内差异和地带间差异均呈现出缩小的趋势.地带内差异是构成总体差异的主要因素,且中国酒店业地带内差异对总体差异的贡献率与地带间差异对总体差异的贡献率之间的差距呈现出扩大的趋势;东部、中部、西部地区酒店业的地带内差异均呈现出缩小的趋势.从空间特征来分析,三大地区酒店业的地带内差异呈现出“东部高于西部,西部高于中部”空间格局.从三大地区酒店业的地带内差异的贡献率上来看,东部对总体差异的贡献率最大,西部地区次之,中部地区最小,并且东部和中西部的贡献率差距较大,中部和西部差距较小,东部地区酒店业地带内差异对总体差异的贡献率和中西部地区的贡献率之间的差距呈现出扩大的趋势.     

人—居—业协同下山区县域福祉水平格局及其演变机理——以大别山区27县为例

文章构建人—居—业协同视域下县域福祉分析框架,以大别山区27县（市、区）为研究区域,运用熵权TOPSIS法测度了县域福祉水平,采用泰尔指数、地理探测器等方法刻画了县域福祉水平的时空格局,并剖析了研究区域福祉指数时空分异的影响因素及驱动机理。研究发现：(1)2011—2020年,各县的福祉指数值分布在0.151～0.554间,整体而言,该区县域福祉指数均有进一步提升的空间。随着时间的变迁,各县福祉指数的差异性正逐步缩小。(2)在不同时间节点,以大别山走向为轴,东北一侧县域的福祉水平相对较高,且相对较高水平福祉指数的县域大多分布于研究区的外围地区,县域福祉指数等级均体现为稳定或向上变化。(3)县域福祉的时空差异特征是多个影响因子共同作用的结果,战略、主体、客体、动力与互馈5个层面的力量在不同时期对福祉水平发挥着差异化的作用。     

基于时空视角的保定市县域经济发展分析

以保定市各县域2000—2014年的GDP和人口数量作为基本测算数据,运用标准差、泰尔指数等方法分析保定市县域经济时序差异的特征;选取代表县域经济发展的指标,建立评价指标体系,使用量图分析法分析保定县域经济空间差异的特征;从保定市县域经济时空差异的影响因素视角,提出促进保定市县域经济协调发展的对策建议。     

浙江旅游经济时空差异的多尺度研究

采用标准差、变异系数、泰尔指数等方法测度浙江省2004—2013年的旅游经济发展总体趋势、市际间整体差异与旅游地带内及带间差异,运用多元线性回归方程分析差异影响因素,并定量测评各市自然和人文旅游资源及其市域国内旅游收入相关性。研究发现:①浙江省旅游经济总体差异呈现绝对差异持续扩大、相对差异缩小态势,且旅游地带内部差异高于带际差异,带际差异与全省整体差异趋势一致;②地貌类型和资源分布决定的旅游地域三带,带间旅游经济发展不平衡显著,人文景观资源异常丰富的杭嘉湖金衢带内差异最大,自然旅游资源主导的温丽台带内差异最小,而人文旅游资源与自然旅游资源配置均衡的宁绍舟带内差异介于另外两带之间;③浙江省自然旅游资源与旅游经济发展水平之间存在"资源诅咒"的现象,而这种诅咒现象对浙江省人文旅游资源却不明显。     

辽宁省旅游经济的时空差异演变分析

文章以辽宁省14个城市为区域研究单元,从经济地理学的角度,运用变异系数、泰尔指数、地理集中指数等方法分析了1992-2004年辽宁省旅游经济差异的时空演变.并从沿海、内陆地带角度对该省旅游经济差异特征进行了分解.分析结果是总体差异有不断缩小的趋势,但是旅游集中度很高,且区域旅游经济差异梯度很大.据此提出缩小地区差异、协调地区旅游业发展的对策.     

中国三大经济地带农村居民收入差距研究

文章采用基尼系数和泰尔指数及其分解方法研究了我国东中西三大经济地带农村居民收入差距问题。基本结论是:我国三大经济地带农村居民收入差距处在一个相对平均的阶段,但其差距有随时间变化而增大的趋势。基尼系数分解结果表明,工资性收入是导致基尼系数增大的最重要的因素,而家庭经营性收入则使基尼系数减小,财产和转移性收入对基尼系数影响不大。泰尔指数分解结果显示,东中西三大地带农村居民收入差距的组间贡献波幅不大,但组内贡献变化明显,三大地带内部差异是导致地区间农村居民收入差距扩大的主要原因。     

中国县域普惠金融发展的空间非均衡及收敛性分析

基于2010-2015年中国1733个县(市)面板数据,运用空间趋势面和泰尔指数刻画2006年放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入政策后县域普惠金融发展的空间差异及其来源,并运用空间收敛模型检验县域普惠金融发展的演进态势。研究发现:中国县域普惠金融发展水平逐步提升,但呈现出"东高西低、南高北低"的空间非均衡状态;全国县域普惠金融发展的总体差距在缩小,相比省际差距,省内县级区域间的普惠金融发展差距始终是总体差距的主要来源;县域普惠金融发展存在绝对β收敛、条件β收敛和俱乐部收敛,且在普惠金融发展水平落后的西部地带和低-低集聚区内实现了最快的收敛速度。上述发现为认识中国县域普惠金融发展的空间分布格局及其演进趋势,并在此基础上有针对性地制定和实施差异化的区域普惠金融政策,提供了新的思路和实践依据。     

不同空间尺度下黄河流域区域经济差异的演变

黄河流域是中国重要的经济地带,在全国经济社会发展中占有十分重要的地位。文章基于泰尔指数分解法、偏离—份额分析法和GIS分析技术,分别从黄河流域上中下游、七大沿黄城市群和73个城市(地级市、州或盟)三个不同空间尺度对2009—2018年黄河流域的区域经济差异演变进行研究。泰尔指数分解法的结果表明:2009—2018年,黄河流域上中下游内经济差异的贡献超八成,但绝对差异呈逐年缩小态势;七大沿黄城市群间经济差异的贡献近九成,但绝对差异的缩小趋势明显;黄河流域城市间的经济差异逐年缩小。偏离—份额分析法的结果表明:对比2009—2013年和2014—2018年,黄河流域上游失去产业竞争力优势,中游失去产业结构优势,下游产业结构与竞争力由劣转优;黄河流域上游城市群产业结构与竞争力双优势格局有所转变,宁夏沿黄城市群的三次产业竞争力优势持续保持;黄河流域以中心城市为核心的都市圈格局基本形成。因此,应从上中下游、城市群和城市等多个空间尺度协同推进黄河流域区域经济协调、高质量发展。     

河西地区县域经济发展差异分析

河西地区作为丝绸之路经济带,区域经济发展出现了不均衡,为探讨其经济差异问题,以县域为研究单位,运用泰尔指数和主成分—聚类分析法,分析了河西地区县域经济发展差异的演变轨迹和县域经济综合差异。结果表明:1998~2013年河西地区县域经济总差异、区间差异与区内差异都呈现出倒"U"型演变特征,区域间差异是县域经济总差异的主要贡献力量;20个县域经济综合发展水平差异主要表现在经济发展实力、动力和活力三方面,且具有西部高于东部、工矿区和牧区高于农区的区域分布特征。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.