中国进出口总值近2．5万亿美元

2012年9月10日,海关总署发布2012年1至8月外贸进出口’隋况。据海关统计,2012年前8个月,我国进出口总值24976．2亿美元,比2011年同期（下同）增长6．2％。其中,出口13091．1亿美元,增长7．1％;进口11885．1亿美元,增长51％：贸易顺差1206亿美元,扩大31．8％。海关统计显示,2012年8月份,我国进出口总值为3292．9亿美元,增长O2％。其中,出口1779．8亿美元,增长27％：进口1513．1亿美元,下降2．6％：贸易顺差266．7亿美元。     

里根政府1989财政年度研究与发展预算建议

里根总统于1988年2月18日向国会提交了1989年度政府预算建议,总预算为1094兆亿美元,比上一年增长4％,如1989年通货膨胀率达3.5％,则几乎没有增长。建议中研究与发展预算共625亿美元,占政府总预算的近6％,比上一年增长4％。预算分配比例为:     

前7个月我国进出口同比增长7．1％

海关总署今天公布今年前7个月我国外贸进出口情况。据海关统计,1-7月,我国进出口总值21683．7亿美元,比去年同期（下同）增长7.1％。其中,出口113124亿美元,增长7．896;进口103713亿美元,增长64％;贸易顺差941．1亿美元。     

美国高性能计算与通信计划

一在布什总统提交国会审议的1992财年预算提案中,有三个跨部门的政府大型R＆D计划倍受布什政府的青睐;一是高性能计算与通信计划,1992财年预算提案为6.38亿美元,比1991财年增长30％。二是全球变化研究计划,1992财年预算提案为11.9亿美元,比1991财年增长     

新疆外经贸再创新佳绩

2007年,新疆维吾尔自治区外经贸实现了对外贸易、利用外资和对外经济技术合作的全面、快速增长。据海关统计,2007年自治区外贸进出口总值首次突破100亿美元,达137．2亿美元,与2006年相比增长50．7％,比全国平均增幅高出27．2个百分点;其中出口115亿美元,增长61．1％;进口22．1亿美元,增长12．7％。进出口额列全国第15位,在西部地区排名第2位。自治区进出口额从10亿增至50亿美元用了10年,从50亿至100亿美元只用了3年。“十一五”前两年进出口平均增速达到31．4％,超额完成了自治区确定的调控目标。     

广东上半年财政收入2994．34亿元居全固第一

7N10日,广东省财政厅公布了广东省今年1-6月累计地方公共财政预算收入情况：累计完成2994．34亿元,比上年同期增长8．64％;其中,税收收入完成2428．48亿元,比上年同期增长4．28％。7月11日,江苏省财政厅也公布了江苏省1-6月全省公共财政预算收入情况：累计完成2975．6亿元,比上年同期增长12．9%,其中,税收收入完成2400．90亿元,增长10．6％,顺利实现了较高质量的“时间过半,任务过半”。     

广东出口纺织品服装增势稳定 一般贸易增幅明显

广州海关9月19日发布的统计数据显示,2010年1至8月,广东出口纺织品服装237亿多美元,比去年同期增长21％。其中,一般贸易出口增幅远高于加工贸易。数据显示,1至8月,广东以一般贸易方式出口纺织品服装145．5亿美元,增长36％,占同期广东纺织服装出口总值的61％;以加工贸易方式出口76．8亿美元,增长6．3％。从出口地看,广东对香港出口纺织品服装64．4亿美元,增长8．7％：对欧盟、美国和东盟分别出口纺织服装48．5亿、40．3亿和17．4亿美元,分别增长31名、37％和20名。上述4个市场出口合计占同期广东纺织品服装出口总值的七成二。     

2000年度日本财政预算及其特点

1999年底日本通过了2000年度的政府财政预算方案。由于本次预算是20世纪最后的会计年度预算,又面临着承担经济复苏的重任。同时,预算以发行大量债券、增加资金投入为特点。所以,被称为最后的“积极型预算”。现将其预算内容,尤其是科技预算的内容和特点介绍如下。主要内容及其特点1．预算的主要内容①一般会计预算。日本政府（大藏省方案）2000年度一般会计预算总额为849871亿日元（按现行汇率1美元兑108日元,约合7870亿美元,下同）,比1999年度增长3．85％。②财政投融资。日本2000年度财政投融资计划安排429919亿日元（约合3980亿美…     

发展中的土库曼斯坦市场

1992年1月，我国与土库曼斯坦建立外交关系。十几年来，双边关系不断发展，经贸合作质量不断提升。据中国海关统计，20014年，中国与土库曼斯坦双边贸易额为9874万美元，比上年增长19．1％，其中中方出口8485万美元，增长7．6％，中方进口1389万美元，增长239．1％；据土方统计，2004年，中国与土库曼斯坦双边贸易额为1．22亿美元，比上年增长12.7％，其中中方出口1．18亿美元，增长12．1％，     

全力实施经济国际化战略推动经济建设和各项事业实现新飞跃

近两年来,我们积极推进经济国际化战略,大张旗鼓地开展了“招商创汇年”活动,去年合同利用外资5135万美元,实际利用外资4222万美元,分别比上年增长62.3％和172％;出口创汇1．7亿美元,增长25．5％。国际化战略的实施也有力地促进了全市经济建设和各项事业的发展,去年完成国内生产总值154．7亿元,财政收入8亿元,其中地方财政收入突破5亿元。今年我们又确定合同利用外资1．1亿美元,实际利用外资确保8400万美元,实现合同利用外资和实际利用外资“双翻番”;出日创汇增长30％以上。一季度,我市已合同利用外资3729万美元,实际利用外…     

美国纳米计划管理预算及发展战略

布什政府把国家纳米计划（NNI）指定为多联邦机构参与研发的计划，旨在通过各机构间的经费、研发以及基础设施等方面的协调，使联邦政府对纳米的研发投入回报最大化。自布什2001年进驻白宫以来，美国联邦政府给国家纳米计划的投入从2001财年的4．534G美元增至2008财年11．674G美元（以2001年美元值计算），增长了158％。     

Liberalizing U.S. Trade with the Eastern Bloc: What are the consequences?

This paper provides estimates of the trade and welfare consequences of removing the high discriminatory tariffs that the United States imposes against imports from the Soviet Union and its allies. These imports are now taxed at Smoot-Hawley rates. The estimates of the trade effects exceed those of previous studies, in part because the recent “Tokyo Round” of multilateral trade concessions has increased the tariff discrimination against the non-MFN (Most Favored Nation) suppliers. The study is the first to assess the welfare consequences of eliminating this discrimination. It is estimated that the overall annual gain to the United States would be about $1.8 billion and that the annual gain to the communist suppliers would be between $1.2 billion and $1.7 billion.     

CONSERVED ENERGY SUPPLY CURVES FOR U.S. BUILDINGS

Comparison of nine conservation supply curves for electricity shows that fully implementing a series of energy efficiency measures will result in annual saving of 734 billion kWh (BkWh). This is 45 percent of 1989 U.S. building sector electricity use of 1627 BkWh and represents a $29 billion saving. When translated to units of conserved carbon dioxide (CC CO₂), this annual saving is 514 megatonnes, which is 10 percent of the total 1989 U.S. carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from all sources. Implementing additional fuel efficiency measures would result in further potential saving of 5·2 quads of fuel (natural gas and oil) per year, or another 300 megatonnes of CO₂, at a net savings of $20 billion. Fuel switching (replacing electric resistance heat with on-site natural gas combustion) would produce annual saving of another 74 megatonnes of CO₂ at a net saving of $6·8 billion. Thus, total CO₂ saving from these combined efficiency measures are 890 megatonnes at a net saving of $56 billion per year.     

THE COST OF THE U.S. SUGAR PROGRAM REVISITED

The article analyzes the welfare cost of the U.S. sugar program using a multimarket model of U.S. sweetener markets. The latter includes raw crops, sugar extraction and refining, and sweetener users (food-processing industries and final consumers). The authors address the industrial organization of food industries using sweeteners and treat the United States as a large importer. With the removal of the program, this article estimates (all figures in 1999 dollars) that in 1998 cane growers, sugar beet growers, and processors would have lost $307, $650, and $89 million, respectively; sweetener users would have gained $1.9 billion. World prices would have increased by 13.2%. The deadweight loss of the program is estimated at $532 million.     

Economic burden of hospital malnutrition and the cost–benefit of supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients in Latin America

Abstract

Aim: Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) is a prevalent condition that significantly increases the risk of adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients, particularly those with critical illness. Limited data is available on the economic burden of DRM and the cost–benefit of nutrition therapy in high-risk populations in Latin America. The aims of the present study were to estimate the economic burden of DRM and evaluate the cost–benefit of supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) in critically ill patients who fail to receive adequate nutrient intake from enteral nutrition (EN) in Latin America.

Methods: Country-specific cost and prevalence data from eight Latin American countries and clinical data from studies evaluating outcomes in patients with DRM were used to estimate the costs associated with DRM in public hospitals. A deterministic decision model based on clinical outcomes from a randomized controlled study and country-specific cost data were developed to examine the cost–benefit of administering SPN to critically ill adults who fail to reach ≥60% of the calculated energy target with EN.

Results: The estimated annual economic burden of DRM in public hospitals in Latin America is $10.19 billion (range, $8.44 billion–$11.72 billion). Critically ill patients account for a disproportionate share of the costs, with a 6.5-fold higher average cost per patient compared with those in the ward ($5488.35 vs. $839.76). Model-derived estimates for clinical outcomes and resource utilization showed that administration of SPN to critically ill patients who fail to receive the targeted energy delivery with EN would result in an annual cost reduction of $10.2 million compared with continued administration of EN alone.

Limitations: The cost calculation was limited to the average daily cost of stay and antibiotic use. The costs associated with other common complications of DRM, such as prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation or more frequent readmission, are unknown.

Conclusions: DRM imposes a substantial economic burden on Latin American countries, with critically ill patients accounting for a disproportionate share of costs. Cost–benefit analysis suggests that both improved clinical outcomes and significant cost savings can be achieved through the adoption of SPN as a therapeutic strategy in critically ill patients who fail to receive adequate nutrient intake from EN.     

Estimates of the direct and indirect cost savings associated with heart disease that could be avoided through dietary change in the United States

Aims: Diets high in saturated fat are associated with elevated risk of heart disease. This study estimates the savings in direct (medical care) costs and indirect (job absenteeism) costs in the US from reductions in heart disease associated with substituting monounsaturated fats (MUFA) for saturated fats.

Materials and methods: A four-part model of the medical care cost savings from avoided heart disease was estimated using data on 247,700 adults from the 2000–2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The savings from reduced job absenteeism due to avoided heart disease was estimated using a zero-inflated negative binomial model of the number of annual work loss days applied to data on 164,577 adults from the MEPS.

Results: Estimated annual savings in medical care expenditures resulting from a switch from a diet high in saturated fat to a high-MUFA diet totaled ～ $25.7 billion (95% CI = $6.0–$45.4 billion) in 2010, with private insurance plans saving $7.9 billion (95% CI?=?$1.8–$14.0 billion), Medicare saving $9.4 billion (95% CI?=?$2.1–$16.7 billion), Medicaid saving $1.4 billion (95% CI?=?Aims: Diets high in saturated fat are associated with elevated risk of heart disease. This study estimates the savings in direct (medical care) costs and indirect (job absenteeism) costs in the US from reductions in heart disease associated with substituting monounsaturated fats (MUFA) for saturated fats.

Materials and methods: A four-part model of the medical care cost savings from avoided heart disease was estimated using data on 247,700 adults from the 2000–2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The savings from reduced job absenteeism due to avoided heart disease was estimated using a zero-inflated negative binomial model of the number of annual work loss days applied to data on 164,577 adults from the MEPS.

Results: Estimated annual savings in medical care expenditures resulting from a switch from a diet high in saturated fat to a high-MUFA diet totaled ～ $25.7 billion (95% CI = $6.0–$45.4 billion) in 2010, with private insurance plans saving $7.9 billion (95% CI?=?$1.8–$14.0 billion), Medicare saving $9.4 billion (95% CI?=?$2.1–$16.7 billion), Medicaid saving $1.4 billion (95% CI?=?$0.2–$2.5 billion), and patients saving $2.2 billion (95% CI?=?$0.5–$3.8 billion). The annual savings in terms of reduced job absenteeism ranges from a lower bound of $600 million (95% CI?=?$100 million to $1.0 billion) to an upper bound of $1.2 billion (95% CI?=?$0.2–$2.1 billion) for 2010.

Limitations: The data cover only the non-institutionalized population. Decreased costs due to any decreases in the severity of heart disease are not included. Cost savings do not include any reduction in informal care at home.

Conclusions: Diets high in saturated fat impose substantial medical care costs and job absenteeism costs, and substantial savings could be achieved by substituting MUFA for saturated fat.     

The efficiency costs of the postal monopoly: The case of third-class mail

This paper provides an estimate of the efficiency costs of the letter monopoly for third-class bulk advertising, the Postal Service's second largest category of mail. Using market data from private mail carriers, excess costs to mailers in 1992 are estimated to be about $2.5 billion, almost one-third of the Postal Service's third-class mail revenues. These costs are the sum of (1) the allocative efficiency loss due to reduced output ($237 million); (2) the increased production costs due to non-cost-minimizing behavior ($712 million); and (3) transfers to postal labor ($1.511 billion). Total efficiency costs-the sum of (1) and (2)—are estimated to be about $950 million.The author would like to thank Roger Sherman and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and Monica Bettendorf and Stephen McGonegal for their assistance in preparing this paper.     

The Welfare and Resouce Allocation Implications of the U.S.Dairy Quotas

This paper examine the welfare and resource allocation implications of the U.S. dairy quotas. A computable general equilibrium model detailing five dairy sectors and nine aggregate sectors is calibrated to a 1989 benchmark of the U.S economy. The model is used to simulate the removal of the U.S.dairy quotas both the with and without a first-best subsidy to maintain a dairy farm output objective. Welfare, production, trade, and employment results are provided. The welfare cost of the U.S dairy quotas ranges from $0.7 to $1.0 billion. The first-best subsidy ranges from $2.0 to $2.3 billion or approximately $1.4 million per full-time equivalent job maintained in the dairy farm sector [F13, Q17]     

REVENUE, PROGRESSIVITY, AND THE FLAT TAX

This paper uses detailed household data to analyze revenue potential and progressivity under two popular "flat tax" proposals. The results show that the Hall and Rabushka version of the flat tax would generate $626 billion in revenue in 1993 while the more generous plan of Armey and Shelby would produce only $538 billion. Integrating the individual tax with the business tax indicates that both proposals are progressive. However, there is a substantial shift of the tax burden from the highest income classes to the middle classes in comparison to the current system.     

crowdfunding——初创企业的融资救星

近年来，从欧美市场兴起的Crowdfunding（众筹）概念改变了现有的创业融资生态环境，其运作模式是通过众人集体的融资来帮助初创企业度过最艰难的成长阶段。2012年与2011年相比，全球Crowdfunding活动数量增长了81％，资金总额达26．7亿美元，预计2013年其资金总量将到达51亿美元。Crowdfunding分为捐赠、奖励、贷款和投资4种类型，其投资类是初创企业通常采用的方式。Crowdfunding的成功要素包括：融资目标的设置、防止欺诈、投资者信息开放以及融资结束后的管理等等。欧美政府对Crowdfunding持支持的态度，其欧美市场Crowdfunding的发展如日中天，给初创企业融资带来了新的生机。Crowdfunding强劲的发展趋势表明其是一种不可忽视的新兴融资模式。