Factors affecting electricity generation in China: Current situation and prospects

China has attracted worldwide attention due to the global economic and environmental effects of its rapid economic growth over the last 20 years, with particular attention given to the country's accelerating energy consumption and resulting greenhouse gas emissions. China's electricity sector is particularly important for both of these issues as it accounts for nearly half of its greenhouse gas emissions and even greater proportions of the country's demands for primary fuel resources. In order to better understand how these issues may progress in an economy changing as fast as China's, this paper develops a framework that can be used to help model the electricity sector's future development. The framework builds upon key technological and socio-economic drivers, including those affecting electricity demand (e.g., economic growth, structure, energy efficiency, urbanization, and change in per capita income) and electricity supply (e.g., deregulation, initiatives to promote natural gas, nuclear and renewable energy, air pollution regulations, price developments for coal and natural gas, and changes in generation technology). The framework serves as a foundation for a scenario exercise on the greenhouse gas and fuel consumption impacts of different developmental paths for China's electricity sector. These scenarios and their implications for emissions and fuel consumption are presented in a subsequent article.     

我国发展低碳经济的可能路径

碳容系统是有限的、非增长的,因此人类行为必须与基于碳容系统特征的约束条件相协调,在经济增长与环境破坏之间找到平衡点。对我国如何构建低碳社会进行了战略性思考,并从企业、消费者、政府和NGO组织的角度,对我国低碳经济发展提出了建议。     

Scenario development in China's electricity sector

The continuing growth of China's electricity sector will affect global environmental and economic sustainability due to its impacts on greenhouse gas emissions and global resource depletion. In 2005, the generation of electricity in China resulted in the emissions of 2290 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide (approximately 53% of the nation's total) and required 779 million metric tonnes of coal (approximately 50% of China's total coal consumption). These figures are expected to increase with China's economic growth. In order to gauge the range in which fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions could grow a scenario-based conceptual model has been developed by the authors (published in (vol.) of this journal). The application and analysis of this shows that under a business as usual (BAU) scenario, electricity generation could contribute upwards of 56% of China's energy related greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Meanwhile, consumption of coal will also increase, growing to nearly 60% of total national demand by 2020. However, variations in a number of key drivers could produce significant deviation from the BAU scenario. With accelerated economic output, even with greater technological advances and greater potential to bring natural gas on stream, carbon dioxide emissions would rise 10% above the BAU. Alternatively, in a scenario where China's economy grows at a tempered pace, less investment would be available for advanced technologies, developing natural gas infrastructure, or nuclear energy. In this scenario, reduced economic growth and electricity demand would thereby be countered by reduced efficiency and a higher contribution of coal.     

培育经济发展新动能的技术、产业、政策机理研究

伴随着国际、国内经济形势发生深刻变化，我国经济过去主要依靠投资、劳动力、自然资源投入的粗放型发展模式已经难以为继，急需培育促进经济实现高质量发展的新动能。现有成果主要围绕技术基础、产业载体及政策制度等培育经济发展新动能的丰富内涵和多样化模式展开，针对内在机理的探讨较少。从新兴技术对产业结构优化起基础支撑作用、新兴产业载体释放经济新动能、市场与政府相结合的政策制度助力经济高质量发展三大维度论述基本原理，系统梳理新兴技术聚合迸发新动能、传统产业升级培育新动能以及政策制度创新生成新动能3种主要模式。最后，提出以推动技术引领发展、促进产业调整升级和出台政策“靶向支撑”为核心的“创新链-产业链-政策链”对策建议。     

核电：工业重工化发展模式下基荷低碳能源的选择

中国的低碳发展模式需要兼顾两个方面的因素,一是经济的可持续发展,一是寻求低碳能源对发展的支撑,当前在中国能够大规模建造的低碳能源,除了水电和部分新能源外,核电在低碳能源选择中扮演着重要的角色。在分析中国经济重工化演进中电力消耗、电源结构特征的基础上,建立发展中国家经济发展与电力生产碳排放的脱钩模型,提出在低碳经济发展模式下,支撑中国经济重工化发展的高电力需求与大规模低碳电源要求的悖论,分析核电的碳排放以及核电作为主要大规模低碳基荷电源的原因,并基于结合外部成本比较核电与煤电经济性。     

能源利用效率的区际比较及对策分析

本文对我国能源利用效率的现实状况及其影响因素进行历史纵向分析和地区层面的横向比较,发现：能源消费结构调整、产业结构是能源消耗强度的重要影响因素;我国的能源利用效率与美日等发达国家,巴西、墨西哥等发展中国家相比都存在较大差距,改进和提高能源利用效率已成为我国的当务之急;国内能源利用效率较高的省份主要是北京、上海和广东,与其经济发展水平、能源消费结构密切相关。因此,我国应提高优质能源消费比重,推动产业结构的优化升级以优化能源消费结构;推动对外贸易结构的转变,提升我国在全球价值链分工中的地位,通过技术进步提高我国的能源利用效率和降低环境污染强度;制定有区别的区域节能目标和政策措施,既要考虑一般性影响因素,也要考虑本地区特殊影响因素,促进地区经济、能源和环境社会的协调发展。     

Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China

This paper investigates the existence and direction of Granger causality between economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in China, applying a multivariate model of economic growth, energy use, carbon emissions, capital and urban population. Empirical results for China over the period 1960-2007 suggest a unidirectional Granger causality running from GDP to energy consumption, and a unidirectional Granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run. Evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth. Therefore, the government of China can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth.     

基于低碳经济视角的中国能源结构灰色关联度分析

中国正处于经济高速发展的进程中,经济的可持续发展要求中国走低碳发展的道路,要改变以往的高消耗、高排放的经济发展模式.文章通过对中国近9年来的能源生产结构进行了灰色关联度分析,发现原煤、原油、天然气、新能源与总能源的关联度分别为0.873 5、0.608 3、0.725 1、0.762 9.结果表明,中国经济的发展是以消耗原煤为主要能源手段,这种能源结构不利于建构低碳经济.为了实现国民经济的可持续发展,建设"两型社会",必须大力调整产业、能源结构,提高能源的使用效率.     

经济增长与能源消费内在依从关系的实证研究

学术界对经济增长与能源消费二者之间关系的研究,主要以线性关系假设为前提,并未对这一假设是否合理进行严格的经济计量学检验。本文率先将近年来发展的非线性STR模型技术具体应用于我国能源消费与经济增长之间内在结构依从关系的研究,揭示了二者之间复杂而微妙的变化规律,并得出如下几个结论:(1)我国经济增长对能源消费的影响具有非线性特征,并可以通过LSTR2模型来表达。(2)我国经济增长对能源消费的影响具有非对称性。当GDP增长绝对下降时,能源消费比GDP有更快的下降速度;当GDP增长率不超过18·04%时,经济增长对能源消费的影响具有相对稳定性,能源消费对经济增长的弹性为0·9592;当GDP增长率超过18·04%时,能源消费较GDP有更快的增长速度,经济增长完全以能源的高消耗为代价。因此,应尽可能地避免经济的负增长和超高速增长。(3)我国经济增长对能源消费的影响具有明显的阶段性特征。在1956—1976年间,呈现明显的非线性特征;在1977—2005年间,则呈现明显的线性特征。     

硅谷绿色能源经济发展及启示

当今国际倡导的绿色能源经济架构,不仅契合了全球经济日趋紧迫的可持续发展现实需求,更是新一轮科技革命中,各国积极培育经济增长点、抢占创新高地的重要战略。以这一趋势的领跑者——硅谷为研究对象,分析其绿色能源经济发展现状、驱动机制和相关策略,总结其经验,为我国经济可持续发展提供决策借鉴。     

能源回报趋势对我国经济增长的影响分析

随着开采难度的增加,化石能源生产过程中的能源消耗量不断增长,可供于经济社会能够真正使用的净能源量也随之变动,这将对我国的经济增长产生不可估量的影响。基于此,本文从"净能源"角度提出化石能源供应净量的概念,并预测至2025年我国化石能源产量、净进口量、生产过程中的消耗量;进而,将取得的重要参数和预测数据应用到能源型生产函数中,通过Lingo软件模拟出化石能源供应净量的变动对我国经济增长的影响,计算得出:在基准情景下,我国GDP增速呈逐步放缓的趋势,2011-2015年间为9.26%,2016-2020年间为6.01%,2021-2025年间为4.29%,目前正处于高速增长阶段过渡到中速增长阶段甚至是低速增长阶段的新时期。     

能源消费、煤炭消费与经济增长关系研究

能源是国家的战略性资源,煤炭是中国重要的能源之一,煤炭对我国经济发展起到了举足轻重的作用。研究能源消费、煤炭消费与经济增长的相互关系,对于发展经济具有重要的指导意义。运用我国GDP总量、能源消费总量和煤炭消费总量的数据,首先,得到我国煤炭消费收入弹性系数依然过高的结论;其次,建立协整与误差修正模型,并进行Granger因果关系检验,得出能源消费与经济增长、煤炭消费与经济增长之间长期是均衡的,能源消费与经济增长、煤炭消费与经济增长存在着协整与双向因果关系。最后,根据分析结论提出对策建议,即政府需要提供相关政策支持,建设国家煤炭储备体系,实施煤炭供应国际化战略,以保证能源供应安全,保证我国经济增长速度。     

我国农村可持续能源发展对策研究

能源是发展国民经济和提高人民生活水平的重要物质基础。目前我国农村可持续能源发展正处于初级阶段,农村居民生活用能正朝着优质化、清洁化、高效化的新能源结构方向发展。中国幅员辽阔,各地区经济发展水平不平衡,农村可再生能源资源差异很大。在此背景下,中国农村可持续能源被赋予了为我国减缓和适应气候变化做贡献的重任,我国急需研究制定与经济社会发展相适应的中国农村可持续能源发展策略。     

Energy efficiency and economic growth of China： 1953-2006

Energy plays an important role in the economic life. With the rapid development of economy, the constraint of energy on the sustainable development of economy is becoming more and more obvious. This paper just Studies the factors influencing energy efficiency of China and the relationship between energy efficiency and China＇s economic： growth. By using time series multivariable linear regression methods with China＇s relevant data from 1953 to 2006, this paper constructs the regression model to analyze the factors that would impact energy, efficiency. After that, a regression model of China＇s real output to capital, labor and energy e lficiency is conducted to estimate the marginal contribution of every factor to the real output to prove the fundamental influence of energy efficiency to the economic growth. In the end, some policies and recommendations are also put forward in order to improve the energy efficiency; of China.     

Research on low-carbon development of electric power industry: from the perspectives of public policy

It is a fundamental way to achieve sustainable development and inclusive growth that China takes the low-carbon development path.And low-carbon development is an effective way to respond to many threats,including global climate anomalies,environmental degradation,and energy shortage.Low-carbon economy is policy economy to a large extent.Although the external environment demands low-carbon development of electric power industry,enterprises lack intrinsic motivation.Electric power industry is the pillar industry of China,and is one of the key industries for China＇s low-carbon development.The government needs to ensure its dominant position in the low-carbon development of electric power industry,and reform the government performance management system and promote the planning and management of electric power industry through appropriate public policy,in order to adjust the structure of the electric power industry and take a low-carbon development road with Chinese characteristics.     

Energy consumption,economic growth and environmental degradation in OECD countries

The interdependence among energy consumption, economic growth and environmental degradation has become an important public policy priority among OECD countries. Yet, the related literature provides conflicting results when describing the dynamic nature of such a relationship and the way it affects countries' development path. Using a sample of 35 OECD countries over the period 2000–2014, we find that economic growth and energy consumption patterns contribute to the enhancement of countries' environmental performance levels. In contrast to a large stream of empirical research, our findings highlight that countries' economic development path and their energy consumption patterns have started to align with their environmental policies. The results are robust since we utilize different aspects of countries' environmental degradation such as carbon dioxide emissions, ecological footprints and countries' environmental performance levels. Finally, the analysis of the dynamic interrelations among countries' energy consumption, economic growth and environmental degradation levels, reveals the necessity to promote sustainable development through a coexistence rather than through a trade-off mechanism.     

我国矿业循环经济研究——以铝土矿资源为例

矿产资源的开发对矿区及其周围环境造成了破坏,产生了地质灾害及矿山废水、废渣、废气等三废排放造成的生态环境污染问题。矿产资源的有限性和跨越发展的可持续性要求以最小的资源消耗实现最大的经济发展,使资源型循环经济成为可持续发展的战略选择。以我国铝土矿资源为例对合理开发矿产资源及发展铝土矿资源循环经济进行了研究。     

基于协整理论的区域能源需求影响因素探析

当前,由于环境的破坏以及常规能源储量的不断下降,能源需求结构急需调整。GDP、人口总量及产业结构等因素均会对能源需求量产生影响。为减少经济发展对能源需求不断增加的趋势,在制定能源发展战略时应充分考虑经济发展与节能二者的关系,控制好能源消费总量的增长,实现能源构成多元化,确保总体能源供应安全,提高能源效率,保护环境。同时,大力发展新能源产业,实现以最少的能源消耗支持经济持续发展的目标。     

中美能源库兹涅茨曲线研究——基于正交偏最小二乘法

中国与美国能源库兹涅茨曲线是存在的,中国将在人均GDP达到2万美元左右到达能源消费总量拐点,产业结构变化影响较弱,经济危机反而刺激了能源消费;美国在2007年前后已经到达拐点,第三产业产值与工业比值每提高1个百分点,会减少大约1百万吨标准煤,每次经济危机会减少当年3千万吨标准煤。通过对比可知,目前中国属于高能耗模式,不利于可持续发展,应对经济危机应发挥市场自身的调节作用,从而达到优胜劣汰实现结构转型。     

当前世界减税趋势与中国税收政策取向

进入新世纪 ,随着经济全球化的加快发展 ,各国纷纷推出了减税计划和方案 ,形成了新一轮世界性的减税趋势和浪潮。我国自 1 998年以来 ,税收收入连年大幅增长 ,这对增强国家宏观调控能力 ,促进经济形势的好转发挥了重要作用。但是 ,税收长期超常增长 ,加重了企业和居民的负担 ,对刺激投资和消费、扩大内需、提高企业国际竞争力不利。在当前国内外形势下 ,从有利于经济持续发展来看 ,中国应采取完善税制、适度减税政策。