产业结构变动对区域经济增长贡献的空间分析--以河南省为例

产业结构变动是影响区域经济增长的重要因素。采用多部门经济模型和基于统计角度的GDP产业结构贡献度测算方法,以河南省为例,分析了1994—2003年10年来产业结构变动对经济增长的贡献,发现产业结构变动对区域经济增长贡献的空间差异明显,地区产业结构变动差异较大,各地产业结构调整进展不一。产业结构变动对区域经济增长的贡献与区域经济增长之间存在显著的负相关关系,经济增长率降低是结构调整的基本动力之一,而结构调整又成为经济增长的动力。影响产业结构变动对区域经济增长贡献的主要因素是区域产业结构政策和产业投资政策,人均GDP、年均GDP则与其不相关或弱相关。     

中国旅游产业集聚与旅游经济增长关系的空间计量分析

基于空间计量经济学的研究视角,运用全局空间自相关Moran's I指数、空间关联局域指标LISA分析,考察中国大陆31个省级区域旅游产业集聚与旅游经济增长的空间相关,构建旅游产业集聚与区域旅游经济增长的空间计量经济模型,对中国旅游产业集聚与旅游经济增长的关系进行理论分析和实证检验.研究表明:中国旅游产业发展一直伴随空间集聚的过程,旅游经济增长存在显著的正向空间相关性,且在东部地区形成了旅游经济活动的集聚区:旅游产业集聚对区域旅游经济增长有显著的正向影响,并表现为较强的空间溢出效应,但这种溢出效应表现为显著的局部性特征,由此引起中国旅游经济增长的空间不均衡.     

旅游发展与经济增长空间自相关分析——基于武陵山区的经验数据

利用2006—2010年反映武陵山区旅游发展与经济增长的旅游收入和GDP指标的数据进行局部空间自相关分析。结果表明:该区域局部Moran指数都为正且反映旅游发展、经济增长、旅游发展与经济增长所有的点都分布在Moran散点图第一象限内,说明该区域各地区旅游发展、经济增长、旅游发展与经济增长存在着空间自相关。同时,武陵山区局部Moran指数变化趋势分析则表明该区域旅游发展、经济增长、旅游发展与经济增长存在空间动态变化趋势。研究结论为武陵山片区区域发展提供了新的研究思路和理论支持。     

地区差异条件下对外开放对经济增长的影响的实证分析

本文研究了地区差异条件下对外开放度对经济增长的影响作用,得出了两个主要结论:一是从单因素的角度看,东部地区对外开放度对经济增长的贡献大于中西部地区:二是从多因素关联的角度看,东部地区对外开放度对经济增长的贡献小于中西部地区。外商直接投资、进出口贸易对经济增长有显著的正的影响,而对外借款对经济增长的作用不明显。其它因素在不同地区之间的边际产出有一定的差异,突出表现在西部地区劳动力投入的贡献仍维持在较高的水平。通过对解释变量的简单相关分析与偏相关分析,本文对模型的系数做出了合理的解释,提出西部地区更应创造条件实行更加开放的政策。     

社会资本与区域经济增长关系研究评述

随着世界南北地区和我国东西地区经济发展差距的不断扩大,探索地区差距扩大的原因、寻找影响区域经济增长的因素以协调区域经济发展,已经成为当前学术界关注的热点问题。社会资本被认为是继物质资本和人力资本之后影响区域经济增长的一种新的资本形态,因此研究社会资本与区域经济增长之间关系的文献也在相应增加,本文对该领域的核心文献进行了梳理,并指出已有研究的主要贡献和不足,为进一步研究和探索我国社会资本与区域经济增长关系的问题提供参考和启示。     

长三角地区产业结构与经济增长关系的实证研究

产业结构是指国民经济中各产业部门之间的相互组合关系。长三角地区目前是经济最为活跃的地区之一,因此,研究产业结构的状况跟经济增长之间的关系具有现实意义,对产业结构调整以及优化具有指导作用。本文借助面板数据的固定效应模型和随机效应模型,对长三角地区(上海、江苏、浙江)产业结构和经济增长的关系进行了实证研究。目的是通过对长三角经济区域的产业结构的定性和定量分析,来了解它们对经济增长的贡献,为该地区加快产业结构调整、提高产业结构优化程度提供参考。     

中国东中西部的金融发展与区域产业结构调整研究——基于面板数据的实证分析

首先从理论上探讨了金融结构转变与实体经济部门产业结构升级之间的关联机制,采用东部、中部及西部代表省份的反映金融发展和产业结构升级的指标数据,运用单位根检验、协整检验等方法进行实证研究然后具体实证分析了1990—2011年中国东、中、西部地区的金融结构转变与产业结构升级以及经济增长的关系,最后,提出了相关的政策建议,以实现区域经济协调发展。     

全要素生产率与区域工业的和谐快速发展——基于1995～2004年28个省市大中型工业的非参数生产前沿分析

文章采用Malmquist指数和DEA技术,研究中国28个省市地区大中型工业增长的动力以及地区间的发展差距,分析发现在1995~2004年期间:(1)整体而言,全要素生产率(TFP)增长已经成为中国大中型工业快速增长的核心动力,特别是技术进步和规模效率的改善对产出增长的贡献日渐突出,相反,要素投入对产出增长的贡献逐渐减弱;(2)地区之间发展的差距依然显著,但无论是人均产出还是增长速度,地区之间的差距在逐渐缩小;(3)随着中国工业经济的快速增长,TFP对缩小地区间工业发展差距的作用越显突出,资本要素的作用并不明显;(4)全要素生产率快速增长的四大因素:竞争、全球化和外商投资、民营化改革,以及经济扩张期。因此,文章认为全要素生产率增长,已成为区域经济和谐快速发展的中坚力量。     

技术创新能力与经济增长的区域性差异研究

以2000～2003年表征区域经济水平及技术创新能力的相关数据为基础,研究了我国区域创新能力对区域经济增长的贡献差异。结果表明,区域技术创新能力对区域经济发展有较高的贡献度,但我国欠发达地区的技术创新水平与发达地区的差距越来越大,且对经济增长的贡献度均小于发达地区,由此加剧了区域经济发展的不平衡。认为欠发达地区要提高经济发展水平,缩小发展差距,就必须制定积极的技术创新赶超战略,将提高技术创新能力作为地区经济持续发展的根本。     

中国分割的经济空间:基于区域间经济增长溢出的实证研究

本文从新经济地理学视角阐述了经济空间的E-关联和K-关联,使用1979-2011年全国29个省份的面板数据对中国区域间的增长溢出效应和区域经济运行空间特征进行了实证检验。研究结果表明:中国形成了东部地区"外向型"和内陆地区"内向型"两种不同类型的经济运行格局;东部地区经济增长对内陆地区没有形成溢出效应,相反内陆地区经济增长对东部地区具有显著的溢出效应;内陆地区相互之间具有较强的经济关联,中部地区和东北地区表现出"互补型"区域关系,而西部地区与中部地区和东北地区表现出"竞争型"区域关系。由于我国经济空间是分割的空间,因此区域协调发展的核心是要形成全国"统一"的经济空间和内陆"互补型"经济空间。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.