深入研究环境援助加强环境国际合作

加深对环境援助的认识 环境援助是对外援助的一种,其援助领域是自然保护和环境治理,主要通过发达国家和世界组织向发展中国家提供环境治理、建设所需要的资金、技术以及经验.从20世纪90年代以来,一些发达国家增加对发展中国家保护环境项目的援助,把它作为官方援助的重点,因为它和受援国经济与社会的可持续发展紧密相连.当前环境援助已经成为国际合作和对外援助的重要组成部分.日本、欧盟及其成员国十分强调对发展中国家的环境援助.     

发达国家官方发展援助新趋势北大核心CSSCISSCI

近年来,随着国际政治经济形势的变化,发达国家一方面提高了发展援助资金,另一方面对官方发展援助工作进行了政策调整,在援助目标、援助领域、援助方式及管理等都方面都出现了一些新趋势、新特点。这些新趋势和特点深受国际政治经济形势变化(主要是金融危机对发达国家的冲击和新兴经济体的崛起)的影响,也和发达国家对援助工作的反思及对外援助理念的转变密切相关。     

发达国家官方发展援助新趋势

近年来,随着国际政治经济形势的变化,发达国家一方面提高了发展援助资金,另一方面对官方发展援助工作进行了政策调整,在援助目标、援助领域、援助方式及管理等都方面都出现了一些新趋势、新特点。这些新趋势和特点深受国际政治经济形势变化(主要是金融危机对发达国家的冲击和新兴经济体的崛起)的影响,也和发达国家对援助工作的反思及对外援助理念的转变密切相关。     

山重水复话经援

十年萧条冷落前景不容乐观沉重的债务像一条套在穷国脚上的巨大锁链“国际发展援助成了全球化和自留化的牺牲品”国际发展援助指的是发达国家对发展中国家或发展中国家之间的经济技术援助。在２０世纪七八十年代,国际发展援助舞台上的主要援助国有西方国家、苏联东欧国家、阿拉伯产油国和其他发展中国家。前苏联解体后,原苏东国家对外援助额急剧下降,阿拉伯产油国的援助额在８０年代初期达到高峰后也逐年下降,西方国家成了国际援助舞台上的主要力量。因此,当前国际发展援助集中反映了发达国家和发展中国家的政治经济关系,成了南北关系…     

西方发展援助中的新正统理论

第二次世界大战结束后,由发达国家政府向发展中国家提供援助以促进发展中国家的发展成为国际社会中的一个制度化现象,发达国家政府每年都要拿出一定的资金援助发展中国家。发达国家的发展援助是在特定的理论和思想的指导下进行运作的,发展援助政策指导思想的变化直接导...     

国际援助格局演变趋势与中国对外援助的定位

对外援助是国际政治经济关系的重要组成部分。在当前国际政治多极化、经济全球化的趋势下,国际援助格局正走向多元化,各援助方力量对比发生新的变化。发达国家总体援助实力渐弱,而"新兴援助国"援助力量增强,受到国际社会的关注。在这种形势下,中国应加强与新兴援助大国的沟通与协调,立足并发展南南合作型援助。     

国际经援的现状和发展趋势

国际经济技术援助是第二次世界大战以后国际经济关系中出现的一个新领域。六十年代以来,在发达国家向发展中国家的资金流动中,官方发展援助始终占有重要地位。当前,世界各国经济相互依存日益加深,援助问题不仅是南北关系的主要方面,也是南南合作的重要内容。在第三世界国家建立国际经济新秩序的斗争中,争取扩大外援数量和改善援助条件已成为一项迫切任务。但是,进入八十年代以来,在世界经济危机的影响下,国际经援却出现每况愈下的局面:西方国家的对外援助额基本上处于停滞,而援助条件变严,利用援助追求商业利益的趋势有增无减。在大多数第三世界国家经济     

美国对外援助政策的动向

进入80年代,国际局势更加动荡不定,美苏争霸仍是当今世界各种矛盾的焦点;南北经济的相互依存关系日趋深化;发展中国家受到国际经济衰退的影响,资金流入减少,债务负担沉重,经济发展面临更加严重的困难.面对苏联全球扩张政策的威胁、发展中国家要求发展的强烈呼声和国际社会的压力,以及美国自身政治经济利益的需要,近年来美国不断调整其对外援助政策,援款金额有所增加,其中特别是增加了对非洲国家的紧急援助.1981-1984年,美国官方发展援助净交付额增加了近30亿美元.这     

英国对外援助规制体系研究

英国是当今世界上最有影响的援助国之一,在国际发展援助领域发挥着重要的作用。英国对外援助历史久远,在实践中构建了一套包括政策与法律的较为完善的规制体系。同时,英国还积极和国际社会发展援助的"软法"相结合。这些规制明确了英国对外援助的目标和理念,加强了对对外援助的监督管理,提高了对外援助的工作效率,促进了英国和其他国家及国际机构的发展合作,对于英国开展对外援助具有重要意义。     

美国对外经济援助:历史、政策和趋势

当前,国际形势风起云涌,苏联解体,东欧剧变,世界格局发生了巨大的变化。美国曾是昔日两极冷战对峙中的一霸,它在新格局中的地位和作用,引起了世人的关注。作为世界上最大的官方发展援助国,美国在过去40多年的时间里,向一些发展中国家提供了大量的经济援助,这些援助直接影响着其长远的对外政策目标,构成了其旨在赢得永久优势的国际战略的有机组成部分。在未来的世界舞台上,美国为了维护其称霸世界的战略目标,在应付来自欧洲和亚洲的挑战和竞争的同时,必将进一步发展和巩固同发展中国家的政治和经济关系,把对发展中国家提供官方发展援助放在其对外政策和国际战略中更加重要的位置上。本文简要地回顾了美国对外援助的发展过程,论述了美国对外双边官方发展援助的政策和特点并对未来的发展趋势进行了分析。     

What Determines Bilateral Aid Allocations? Evidence From Time Series Data

This paper models the allocation of bilateral foreign development aid to developing countries. A simple theoretical framework is developed, in which aid is treated as a private good of a donor country bureaucratic group responsible for bilateral aid allocation. This model is applied to time series data for ten principal recipients of bilateral official development assistance. Features of this application are that it caters for the joint determination of aid allocations and for donor allocation behavior to differ among individual recipient countries. Results indicate that both recipient need and donor interest variables determine the amount of foreign aid to developing countries, and that donor allocation behavior often differs markedly among recipients.     

Foreign aid and the quality of economic institutions

Identification of the causal effect that foreign aid has on the quality of institutions in recipient countries has been elusive in the aid effectiveness literature. The main reason is that aid is endogenous with respect to the development of institutions. Our paper examines the impact of foreign aid on economic freedom in the recipient countries at a disaggregated level using an innovative identifying strategy. To do so, we use recently innovated instruments for aid, exploiting the long lags between loan approval and disbursements by official creditors to developing countries. Using plausibly exogenous variations in predicted loan disbursements as instruments for actual aid, we find that foreign aid has a significant positive effect on the quality of economic institutions in recipient countries. The results are robust to alternative specifications and samples. By establishing the existence of a strong link between aid and the quality of economic institutions, we identify the main channel through which aid affects economic growth and development.     

An Updated Analysis of Weisskopf's Savings-Dependency Theory

After 25 years of putative capitalist development and modernization, since Thomas E. Weisskopf's studies on the savings-dependency issue, the success of foreign aid to developing nations remains questionable at best. With a mix of all-to-often corrupt authoritative governments and a seemingly endless flow of foreign aid, the advancement of many developing nations was hindered from the start. The analysis of this paper questions the reasons customarily given for the laggard status of the developing countries and examines the degree to which the lag is due to the impact of foreign aid.     

Do elites benefit from democracy and foreign aid in developing countries?

A popular argument for the absence of any beneficial effects of foreign aid is that it is skimmed by political elites in recipient countries. However, studies also suggest that aid may be more effective in relatively democratic developing countries. By exploring data on income quintiles derived from the World Income Inequality Database for 88 developing countries, a set of results indicate that foreign aid and democracy in conjunction are associated with a higher share of income held by the upper quintile. It thus appears that foreign aid, contrary to popular beliefs, leads to a more skewed income distribution in democratic developing countries while the effects are negligible in autocratic countries. The paper closes with a discussion of potential mechanisms generating this perverse effect.     

House price recovery and stigma after a failed siting

This paper analyses the data on international foreign aid. It examines the basic data on who gets foreign aid, how much, how aid dependent are the recipient countries, and how the international foreign aid regime has evolved. It is argued that the pattern of the flow of foreign aid suggests that aid provided has little relationship to human needs in developing and transitional countries.     

Risk sharing role of foreign aid in developing countries

The effects of foreign aid on economic growth have been extensively investigated over the past 40 years. However, even though foreign aid can be a significant source of insurance against domestic output shocks for developing countries, its risk-sharing role has not been well explored. Using a sample of 22 developing countries over the period 2003–2013, we estimate the degree of income smoothing generated by foreign aid serving as an effective channel of international income smoothing. In particular, for the period 2003–2008, we estimate that foreign aid offset about 4% of the domestic output shocks. Furthermore, we investigate the determinants of the extent of risk sharing via foreign aid, recognizing the diversification of the originating countries as a key factor. Surprisingly, humanitarian aid seems to have a negative effect, which might be explained by its predominant role in the short run.     

Foreign Aid, Innovation, and Technology Transfer in a North–South Model with Learning-by-Doing

The paper examines foreign aid in the context of a dynamic Ricardian model of trade and development that highlights the role of learning in both the initial adoption of new technologies and products and their eventual transfer from developed to developing countries. When aid is paid as a pure unilateral transfer, the conventional short‐run terms‐of‐trade improvement that results from a home bias in consumption causes harmful delays in the transfer of technology that can lead to mutual immiserization. Conversely, aid that directly or indirectly expedites technology transfer and learning in developing countries can be mutually beneficial.     

Are debt repayment incentives undermined by foreign aid?

This paper investigates the effects of inflows of foreign aid on the debt repayment behavior of developing countries. The paper first delineates the overall incentives to committing to timely debt repayment in a war of attrition-type model. A set of panel estimates including 93 developing countries shows that foreign aid is strongly negatively associated with repayment incentives. The findings pertain to both total debt service and service on publically guaranteed debt. A set of conditional estimates suggest that the main findings generalize to the majority of developing countries.     

Measuring absorptive capacity constraints to foreign aid

To assist with progress towards the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in developing countries, the international community is scaling-up foreign aid to record levels. Concurrently, there are concerns that additional aid will not be used effectively due to a problem of absorptive capacity in recipient countries. Empirical studies lend support to these concerns with many finding that there are diminishing returns to foreign aid. This paper reviews the extensive aid effectiveness literature to identify the various dimensions of absorptive capacity. It proceeds by devising a composite index of absorptive capacity for individual recipient countries which can assist policymakers in guiding the allocation of their aid. The relevance of the index is confirmed through its employment in a standard empirical model of aid effectiveness. The paper highlights the developing countries that currently receive high levels of aid relative to their estimated level of absorptive capacity.     

Foreign Aid and the Business Cycle

This paper documents empirical regularities in the foreign aid flows to developing countries over three decades. In spite of a large body of literature on foreign aid and its impact on recipients, surprisingly little is known about its business cycle characteristics. The authors show that for the vast majority of African recipients, aid flows are a major source of income that is highly volatile and, most importantly, overwhelmingly procyclical. For recipients outside of Africa, there is a similar—if somewhat less pronounced—pattern of aid procyclicality. In contrast, there is little evidence of aid procyclicality with the business cycle of donors. In light of the very high volatility of output in developing countries, the procyclicality of foreign aid flows from the recipients' perspective raises serious questions related to their welfare and growth.