我国自然圣境与生物多样性保护研究进展

自然圣境是各民族传统文化形成的一类特殊的生态系统,对生物多样性保护起到了积极的作用。通过对我国有关专家、学者对自然圣境的研究分析,从自然圣境的概念及起源、自然圣境与生物多样性保护、民族传统文化对生物多样性的保护作用、自然圣境面临的问题等方面进行了阐述,认为要做好自然圣境的保护工作,使其不会消失,不能单独依靠村民自身的能力,需要全社会的积极参与,同时政府要制定有关保护措施及实施一定的保护行动。     

生态文明新理念之思

正建设生态文明,是关系人民福祉、关系民族振兴和国家长远发展的系统工程,不仅需要各级政府发挥主导性、示范性作用,而且需要社会每个成员的积极响应和参与。党的十八大报告提出,面对资源约束趋紧、环境污染严重、生态系统退化的严峻形势,必须树立尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的生态文明理念。要更加自觉地珍爱自然,更加积极地保护生态,努力走向社会主义生态文明新时代。这一引领中国未来发展的崭新的执政理念,为我们实现生态文明建设新目标提供了有力的理论指导,具有十分重大的现实意义。在新的发展时期,必须深入贯彻落实十八大精神,进一步强化生态文明新理念,为中华     

基于生态服务-生态健康综合评估的 城市生态保护规划研究

人类对自然保护的认知和理念决定了生态保护的方法 与手段。20世纪60年代至今，人们对生态保护的认识经历了4 个阶段，其中以维持自然为核心的物种保护法和以生态服务为 核心的生态功能法是当前生态保护规划的2种主流方法。从城市 生态环境特征、生态问题和生态需求分析入手，提出了基于生 态服务-生态健康(ES-EH)综合评估的城市生态保护方法。以 哈尔滨空港新城为例，选取影响重大的6个生态因子，以加权叠 加法识别出生态保护区范围。研究结果表明：划定的10.36% 的保护区保留了53.49%的生态调节、89.04%的文化服务和 15.69%的生态支持功能，以及71.85%的重要生态结构和 61.91%的生态高恢复力地区。在城市扩张过程中如何科学保 护现存的生态资源意义重大，研究结果可为国土空间规划“双 评价”及城市生态保护提供依据和参考。     

民族地区乡村旅游微型企业业主生态文明意识调查研究

培养民族地区社区居民生态文明意识有利于建设生态文明的自觉性和主动性。通过对民族地区532位乡村旅游微型企业业主的调查,发现业主普遍具有明显的生态文明意识,其尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的意识以及生态文明目标明确,业主所处地域、当地乡村旅游业发达程度以及业主来源地、民族构成、文化水平等显著影响其生态文明意识。提出以旅游业发展带动乡村旅游微型企业创立和发展,发挥乡村旅游微型企业业主带动作用,加强对少数民族群众教育以提高社区居民的生态文明意识的建议。     

北京市农用地生态系统服务价值评估

本文参考千年生态系统评估的框架,运用生态经济学原理与方法,对北京市农用地的生态系统服务价值进行评估.评估结果显示,北京市农用地生态系统服务的总价值为563.17亿元.其中,直接价值为158.26亿元,间接价值为404.91亿元.可见,农用地具有巨大的潜在价值.按生态系统服务大类进行比较,农用地的调节服务价值最大,其次是供给服务,与千年生态系统评估的结果一致.不同类型的农用地生态服务功能也不一样,最强的是林地,其次是耕地、园地和牧草地.在城市规划和生态建设中,应注意发挥农用地的生态服务功能,保护农用地,尤其是林地和耕地,以实现人类福祉的最大化.     

水利工程对河流生态系统服务功能的影响评价分析

河流生态系统作为陆地与海洋联系的纽带与桥梁,它在自然生物的物质循环中发挥着非常重要的作用。然而,在人们的水力工程建设过程中,河流生态系统的服务功能受到了一定的影响,甚至,从某种程度来说,正在破坏河流生态服务系统的平衡。本文主要是针对陕北地区的水土情况,来分析与研究水力工程对河流生态系统服务功能的影响评价方法,以供参考。     

基于少数民族生态文化视角的民族地区生态文明建设

我国各少数民族在长期的生产实践中形成了朴素的生态思想,表现在少数民族民族生态文化的三个层次上:物质文化、制度文化、精神文化,体现在少数民族维护生态平衡、保护自然环境的生产生活方式、社会规约、精神文化和价值观念中。少数民族生态文化中蕴含着丰富的生态思想,体现了少数民族尊重自然和保护环境的生态价值观。生态文化与生态文明存在共性与联系,二者相互依存、相互渗透、相辅相成,民族地区生态文明的建设离不开少数民族生态文化的育养和支持,对少数民族生态文化的研究可以探寻民族地区生态文明建设之路。     

中国传统文化对构建现代生态伦理的启示

传统的儒家和道家的生态伦理思想发挥着天人和谐的社会功能,学习和借鉴中国传统生态伦理观,为生态文明的发展寻找文化支撑,对现代生态理论建设具有启示作用。     

陕西省高速公路生态服务功能价值的研究

以水土保持学、生态学、生态经济学理论为指导,在确定了各评价指标计算方法的基础上,研究了陕西省不同区域高速公路水土保持的生态服务功能价值。可以看出各个区域高速公路水土保持措施的总生态服务功能价值和单位里程生态服务功能价值变化并不一致,总生态服务功能价值反映了高速公路水土保持措施对整个区域生态环境贡献的大小,单位里程生态服务功能价值则反映了高速公路水土保持措施对生态环境贡献率的高低。     

泛"胡焕庸线"过渡带的地学认知与国土空间开发利用保护策略建构

在国家生态文明建设背景下，识别泛“胡焕庸线”过渡带及建构本区域和面向全国的国土空间开发利用保护策略对全国国土生态安全和区域协调发展具有重要意义。文章通过揭示我国国土空间格局演变规律及自然社会经济因子在“胡焕庸线”两侧的梯度变化特征，采用梯度分析和突变检测分析等方法，分析诊断各因子突变线并识别突变区域，识别确定了泛“胡焕庸线”过渡带及其空间范围；通过泛“胡焕庸线”过渡带的地学认知，深度剖析其国土空间开发利用保护潜力与挑战，提出建构泛“胡焕庸线”过渡带生态保护、文化传承与经济建设协同发展战略，以重大工程为关键举措，发挥独特“自然—人文”区域优势，构筑泛“胡焕庸线”过渡带“一带”“二道”“三屏”“多极”的中部生态—经济—文化协同建设绿色发展空间格局，对国家社会经济可持续发展和国土生态安全具有重要理论和战略意义。     

VALUING MANGROVE CONSERVATION IN SOUTHERN THAILAND

Mangroves are ecologically important coastal wetland systems that are under severe threat globally. In Thailand, the main cause of mangrove conversion is shrimp farming, which is a major source of export income for the country. However, local communities benefit from many direct and indirect uses of mangrove ecosystems and may have a strong incentive to protect these areas, which puts them into direct confrontation with shrimp farm operators and, by proxy, government authorities. The article examines whether or not the full conversion of mangroves into commercial shrimp farms is worthwhile once the key environmental impacts are taken into account. The estimated economic value of mangrove forests to a local community is in the range of $27,264-$35,921 per hectare. This estimate includes the value to local communities of direct use of wood and other resources collected from the mangroves as well as additional external benefits in terms of off-shore fishery linkages and coastline protection from shrimp farms. The results indicate that, although shrimp farming creates enormous private benefits, it is not so economically viable once the externalities generated by mangrove destruction and water pollution are included. There is also an incentive for local communities to protect mangroves, which in turn implies that the rights of local people to guard and protect this resource should be formally recognized and enforced by law.     

Biodiversity,natural resource accounting and ecological monitoring

The role that natural resource accounting and ecological monitoring can play in conserving biological diversity is discussed. There exists a widespread view that modifications to national income accounting procedures are crucial to the pursuit of sustainability and particularly the protection of biodiversity. However, we argue that the availability of biologically-adjusted national income figures would not, of itself, be likely to contribute significantly to the protection of biological resources. The conservation of biodiversity requires, among other things, a significantly improved understanding of the nature of environmental changes arising from imposed management regimes and the effects that these changes have on the persistence of biodiversity. On this basis, and in the context of sustainable development, we suggest that ecological monitoring should take priority over the generation of economic data.In many regions of the world sufficient ecological knowledge is available to design and implement integrated monitoring networks that can be used to track the status of many components of biodiversity and inform decisions taken over their management. We outline how this might be undertaken using a hierarchical and prioritised approach aimed, pragmatically, in the first instance at helping to preserve those ecosystems, communities and species which are perceived to be most threatened. Some emphasis is given to the Australian situation because it is the only rich megadiversity nation and it is at the forefront of the development of scientific techniques that can be used to help design soundly-based and cost-effective monitoring programs.We acknowledge the useful comments of two referees, and claim exclusive property rights in remaining errors.     

Drivers of Forest Ecosystem Change in Purnapani Area: Empirical Evidence and Policy Suggestions

Purnapani area of Sundargarh district of Indian state of Odisha was primarily dominated by tribal people with natural forest ecosystems. The local tribal people were mostly depending upon forest and agriculture for their livelihood. During 1958 Purnapani Limestone and Dolomite Quarry (PL&DQ) started mining of lime stone and dolomite in the area. The total land contributed by Purnapani villagers for mining, township and railway line construction was 569.64 acres. In 2003, the mines were closed and about 2000 mine workers lost their livelihood. During the last 50–60 years, unsustainable mining activities and then their abandonment have degraded the forest ecosystem and livelihood resource base of local communities in the Purnapani area. Thus in order to identify the major drivers of degraded forest ecosystems we have conducted primary surveys in Purnapani area. Using regression analyses we find that both mining activities and passenger transport services are the drivers of population growth in Purnapani area. Livelihood of local tribal people is being positively impacted by mining activity and passenger transport services operating from Purnapani area. Fuel wood consumption increases over time due to population growth which put great pressure on forest ecosystems to change. Both mineral production and population size have impacted human well-being negatively by positively impacting health expenditure. The amount of decline of community welfare in terms of net present value derived by the communities from extraction of forest resources is due to mine spoiled degraded forest ecosystem services. From our analysis we recommend that large-scale ecological restoration is necessary to protect the environment and to restore the resilience of ecosystem services in this area.

     

自然保护地自然资源资产产权制度现状辨析

“建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系”是党的十九大所提出的国家公园体制建设的新方向。实现自然保护地的有效保护管理是其重要内容，关键在于通过改革形成科学、合理的自然资源资产产权制度，而厘清自然资源资产产权制度的现状则是进行改革的前提。首先，对现行法律进行系统梳理，明确法律所认定的自然保护地中的自然资源类型。其次，从自然资源的产权种类及所有权改变、用益物权流转三方面总结了自然保护地自然资源资产的产权制度现状。再者，从各类自然保护地申报设立的条件和环保督查中反映出来的问题两方面入手分析了自然保护地的自然资源保护管理现状，从国家公园体制试点采取的措施出发分析了目前的改革探索，并提炼出自然保护地自然资源资产产权制度存在的四大问题，即自然资源资产产权的界定和要求较局限、自然资源所有权行使人虚位、公权与私权的利益协调机制不健全、改革探索中物权途径面临制度障碍。最后，从自然资源资产产权制度设计的角度提出了改革的4个方向。     

会计准则保护产权的"马太效应"研究--来自近代西方历史的回顾与企业所有权理论的分析

在保护小股东的产权方面,中国会计准则曾一度被寄予厚望,但是结果却并不尽如人意。这很大程度上缘于我们缺乏对会计准则保护小股东产权的作用机理,以及会计准则产权保护功能发挥所需要的条件的分析。文章通过对英国、荷兰和美国建立产权法律保护体系的历史回顾,以及从企业所有权理论的角度对会计准则保护产权的作用途径进行分析,提出了会计准则与产权保护之间的基本关系———会计准则是产权法律保护体系的重要组成部分,但同时对产权保护又具有“马太效应”。这一理论对于理解中国会计准则具有深刻的含义。     

Protecting Ecosystems and Alleviating Poverty with Parks and Reserves: ‘Win-Win’ or Tradeoffs?

National parks and reserves are globally popular approaches to protecting biodiversity and the supply of ecosystem services. Because these protected areas limit agricultural development and exploitation of natural resources, they are frequently opposed in developing nations where reducing poverty is an important social objective. Conservation advocates argue that protected areas can alleviate poverty by supplying ecosystem services, promoting tourism and improving infrastructure. Thus ‘win-win’ scenarios may be possible in which ecosystems and their services are protected and poverty is alleviated. Previous studies (Andam et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(42):16089–16094 2008; 2010) suggest that Costa Rica’s protected area system reduced deforestation and alleviated poverty. We demonstrate that these environmental and social impacts were spatially heterogeneous. Importantly, the characteristics associated with the most avoided deforestation are the characteristics associated with the least poverty alleviation. In other words, the same characteristics that limited the conservation effectiveness of protected areas may have improved the social welfare impacts of these areas. These results suggest that ‘win-win’ efforts to protect ecosystems and alleviate poverty may be possible when policymakers are satisfied with low levels of each outcome, but tradeoffs exist when more of either outcome is desired.     

The role of natural capital in supporting national income and social welfare

Using life satisfaction as a proxy for social welfare, this study contributes to the extant literature by empirically demonstrating that natural capital contributes to social welfare, functioning in part through increasing national income and in part through its direct effect on life satisfaction; the direct effect is approximately 40% greater than the indirect effect. This suggests that the true welfare benefits of natural capital may not be adequately reflected in conventional economic data and, therefore, studies seeking to evaluate the contribution of natural capital to human well-being should consider employing data sets that capture subjective elements of welfare. The magnitudes of the reported marginal effects of natural capital on social welfare, however, are small. This is perhaps due to the fact that (1) there are shortcomings in the measure of natural capital; (2) life satisfaction effects are unlikely to reflect the poorly understood benefits that natural capital provides; and (3) keystone species (such as mosquitoes) and integral ecosystems (such as wetlands) may be negatively associated with life satisfaction, even though such components of natural capital are vitally important to sustaining ecosystems and human life     

比较法视域下我国动物资源保护刑事立法的完善

对动物资源进行刑法保护,是保护生物多样性的重要手段。国外动物资源保护的刑事立法富有特色,具有一定的科学性和先进性,从比较法的视域加以研究,剖析我国动物资源保护刑事立法的不足,借鉴国外立法经验,进一步完善立法,是有效保护我国动物资源,实现生物多样性保护的有效路径。     

论西南石灰岩地区少数民族保护土地资源习惯法

西南石灰岩地区土地资源极为稀缺,故如何保护和合理利用土地资源成为这一地区极其重要的问题。令人欣慰的是,生活西南石灰岩地区的壮、瑶、苗、侗、水等少数民族,在长期的生产、生活中,形成了一整套具有本地区特色的土地资源保护习惯法,以此来保护珍贵的土地资源。他们在对土地自然崇拜的基础上,发展出了保持水土、保护土壤和节约土地等习惯法。调查研究、学习借鉴西南石灰岩地区少数民族土地资源保护习惯法,对于合理开发、利用、保护这一地区稀缺的土地资源,有效治理、改善这一地区日益严重的土地问题,进而实现西南石灰岩地区可持续发展具有重要意义。