技术能力对企业创新绩效的影响

根据文献分析结果,将技术能力分为技术吸收能力和技术创新能力,将创新战略分为探索式创新和利用式创新两种,并从文献分析中提出技术能力、创新战略对创新型绩效形成的影响。通过调查问卷方式获取了257份样本数据,并对各种影响路径进行了验证。结果发现,企业技术能力和创新战略对创新绩效均能产生显著影响。其中,利用式创新比探索式创新对创新绩效的影响更为显著,技术创新能力和技术吸收能力对创新绩效的影响并不显著。     

大数据背景下科技型中小企业社会资本对动态能力的影响

基于大数据背景探讨了科技型中小企业社会资本对动态能力的影响,构建了社会资本—知识共享—动态能力理论模型。利用SPSS和Amos软件进行实证分析后发现,知识共享在社会资本与技术动态能力之间起完全中介作用,知识共享在认知资本和市场动态能力之间及关系资本与市场动态能力之间起完全中介作用,知识共享在结构资本和市场动态能力之间起部分中介作用。根据上述结论,提出相关建议。     

Founders’ human capital and external knowledge sourcing: Exploring the absorptive capacity of start-up firms

ABSTRACT

This study highlights the importance of founders’ human capital on firms’ absorptive capacity for explaining the external knowledge sourcing (licensing-in and joint R&D) of start-up firms, using panel data from original questionnaire surveys conducted in Japan. The results of a probit model with an endogenous regressor show that firms managed by founders with a high level of specific human capital, measured as prior innovation experience and industry-specific work experience, tend to engage in external knowledge sourcing because of their superior absorptive capacity. The findings indicate that this type of human capital also promotes research and development (R&D) investment. Contrariwise, this study finds that firms managed by founders with a high level of general human capital, measured as educational attainment, tend to invest more in R&D, which enhances their absorptive capacity and thereby promotes external knowledge sourcing. Finally, the implications of these findings are discussed from the perspective of public policy.     

How Much do Technological Gap,Firm Size,and Regional Characteristics Matter for the Absorptive Capacity of Italian Enterprises?

The absorptive capacity—the ability of enterprises to efficiently absorb and internalise knowledge from outside sources—represents the link between firms’ capabilities to implement new products and the external stock of technological opportunities, such as those gleamed from Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). This paper explores whether the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the productivity of Italian domestically-owned firms (DOFs) is dependent on their absorptive capacity. In particular, given the peculiar characteristics of the Italian productive system, our analysis focuses on three different dimensions of the absorptive capacity: the size of the technological gap between foreign-owned firms (FOFs) and DOFs, firm size, and the regional distribution of firms. Our findings suggest that technological gap and firm size matter considerably for the spillover effect. Moreover, spillovers exhibit a sub-national dimension present only in the northeastern region of the peninsula.     

International R&D Spillovers,Absorptive Capacity and Relative Backwardness: A Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model

We investigate how a country's absorptive capacity and relative backwardness affect the impact of international R&D spillovers on domestic Total Factor Productivity (TFP). To account for nonlinearities, we adopt a Panel Smooth Transition Regression approach, where a country's TFP elasticity to the foreign R&D stock is allowed to change smoothly across various identified extreme values, and the change is related to observable transition variables: human capital (capturing the country's absorptive capacity) and relative backwardness. The results suggest that absorptive capacity is positively associated with international R&D spillovers. In contrast with previous results, relative backwardness is instead found to have a negative and significant impact on international knowledge spillovers.     

Proximity,networking and knowledge production in Europe: What lessons for innovation policy?

This paper aims at investigating the role of different types of proximity on the technological activity of a region within the context of a knowledge production function, where R&D expenditure and human capital are the main internal inputs. We thus assess to what extent the creation of new ideas in a certain region is enhanced by knowledge flows coming from proximate regions. In particular, we examine in detail different kinds of proximity by combining the usual geographical dimension with the institutional, technological, social and organizational proximity. The analysis is implemented for an ample dataset referring to 276 regions in 29 European countries (EU27 plus Norway, Switzerland) over the last decade. Results show that human capital and R&D are clearly essential for innovative activity with the former being much more effective in driving the production of knowledge. As for the proximity and network effects, we find that technological proximity outperforms the geographic one, whilst a limited role is played by social and organizational networks. As a result, the first policy message is that European regions still need to focus on policies aimed at increasing the endowments of well-educated labour force and therefore their knowledge base. Furthermore, we need innovation policies based on each region's specific innovation potential, due to the existing differences in geographical, cognitive, institutional, social and organizational structures and networks.     

外商直接投资与技术外溢:基于吸收能力的研究

通过构建基于中间产品种类扩张型的内生增长模型,本文证实了技术吸收能力对技术外溢效果的决定作用,利用我国1996—2002年30个省市的面板数据进行估计的结果支持了这一结论。进一步实证表明,东部地区人力资本投资相对滞后制约了技术吸收能力,而中西部地区提高技术吸收能力的关键是增强经济开放度。     

The contingent effect of social capital on performance of professional athletes: life cycle stages and changes in regulation as moderators

Motorboat racing is a sport organized as public gambling in Japan. As well as physical strength and driving technique, skills to adjust equipment are critical for racers to win a race. Based on the contingency theory of social capital, this study analysed comprehensive panel data of motorboat racers and revealed that bonding and bridging social capital had different impacts on performance according to life cycle stages of racers and changes in regulation. First, bonding social capital has a positive impact on performance when racers are less experienced and most need psychological aid stemming from strong ties. Second, bridging social capital has a positive impact on performance when racers are more experienced and have accumulated absorptive capacity to learn efficiently from diverse sources of knowledge. Third, both bonding and bridging social capital lose their explanatory power after the changes in regulation that shifted ownership of propellers from racers to the authority, which could mitigate the significance of the formation of small groups among racers to share cost and knowledge regarding the improvement in propellers. Research and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.     

跨界搜寻如何促进企业管理创新——认知柔性与吸收能力的作用

跨界搜寻作为企业突破思维定式、激励创新的关键力量,得到学界越来越多的关注。同时,认知柔性作为推动企业成长的重要因素,在跨界搜寻促进管理创新过程中起承上启下的作用。因此,基于开放式创新理论,从跨界搜寻视角出发,对认知柔性与管理创新影响机理进行探讨,并收集287份样本数据进行实证研究。结果显示：科技驱动型与市场驱动型跨界搜寻对探索式和利用式管理创新均具有正向影响;认知柔性在跨界搜寻与管理创新间具有中介效应;吸收能力正向调节跨界搜寻与认知柔性的关系。     

外包中知识吸收能力的影响因素分析

外包合作是代工企业获取外部知识以及提升创新能力的重要来源,而代工企业的吸收能力对知识的成功转移起着极为重要的作用。研究在外包中哪些因素将影响代工企业的知识吸收能力。研究表明：代工企业自身的先验知识、组织学习的意愿和能力、外包合作方的信任水平和沟通程度、研发投入状况等与其在外包中的吸收能力密切相关。     

知识溢出支撑集群企业创新跨越研究

培育集群企业技术创新能力是产业集群竞争优势的主要表现形式,而企业是集群中最活跃的行为主体,单个企业的技术创新能力在很大程度上反映了一个集群的技术创新能力.知识溢出、集群企业吸收能力是产业集群创新的关键要素.首先对集群企业技术创新能力、知识溢出、集群企业吸收能力的相关文献进行了综述,在此基础上归纳本文的研究要素,明确要素之间的逻辑关系;针对当前集群企业的现实,从吸收能力视角提出了知识溢出支撑集群企业技术创新能力跨越的理论分析框架,并从隐性知识、显性知识、吸收能力与集群企业技术创新能力跨越进行了分析,知识溢出对集群企业提升技术创新能力具有促进作用,而这种促进作用的大小受到集群企业本身吸收能力影响,即吸收能力增强了知识溢出对集群企业技术创新能力的促进作用.     

Absorptive capacity and innovation: when is it better to cooperate?

Cooperation can benefit and hurt firms at the same time. An important question then is: when is it better to cooperate? And, once the decision to cooperate is made, how can an appropriate partner be selected? In this paper we present a model of inter-firm cooperation driven by cognitive distance, appropriability conditions and external knowledge. Absorptive capacity of firms develops as an outcome of the interaction between absorptive R&D and cognitive distance from voluntary and involuntary knowledge spillovers. Thus, we offer a revision of the original model by Cohen and Levinthal (Econ J 99(397):569–596, 1989), accounting for recent empirical findings and explicitly modeling absorptive capacity within the framework of interactive learning. We apply that to the analysis of firms’ cooperation and R&D investment preferences. The results show that cognitive distance and appropriability conditions between a firm and its cooperation partner have an ambiguous effect on the profit generated by the firm. Thus, a firm chooses to cooperate and selects a partner conditional on the investments in absorptive capacity it is willing to make to solve the understandability/novelty trade-off.     

区域创新系统中知识吸收能力的评价及比较研究

知识吸收能力作为区域创新能力的一个重要因素,对于提高区域竞争力和区域经济发展水平具有重大作用。在界定有关知识吸收能力的概念的基础上,构建了一套区域创新系统中知识吸收能力评价指标体系,利用因子分析法,以我国31个省级地区的数据为样本,对比了东、中、西部区域创新系统中知识吸收能力,并对区域创新系统中知识吸收能力与经济发展水平进行了相关分析,依据评价和比较的结果提出相关政策建议。     

技术吸收能力对技术溢出和全要素生产率的影响——基于1995—2009年中国省区面板数据

利用1995—2009年我国28个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据,采用数据包络分析法,实证检验了地区的技术吸收能力对地区获得的技术溢出及其全要素生产率的影响。研究表明:省际技术溢出以及来自进出口贸易、FDI和ODI渠道的技术溢出都是影响地区TFP及其分解变量——技术进步、技术效率的重要因素;人力资本、制度因素、技术差距和吸收能力综合变量通过与技术溢出发生交互作用,对地区TFP、技术效率和技术进步产生显著影响。     

联盟组合中焦点企业的网络能力对创新绩效的影响——吸收能力的中介作用

结合社会网络理论和资源基础理论,基于联盟组合中焦点企业的视角,构建了网络能力、吸收能力影响创新绩效的理论模型,并对我国战略性新兴产业242家企业进行了问卷调查和实证分析.研究结果表明:网络能力的4个维度(网络规划能力、网络构建能力、关系管理能力和位置占据能力)对创新绩效均有显著正向影响;网络能力的4个维度对吸收能力的两个维度(潜在吸收能力和实际吸收能力)也均有显著正向影响;吸收能力的两个维度对创新绩效均有显著正向影响;潜在吸收能力和实际吸收能力在网络能力的4个维度与创新绩效的作用关系之间均起到部分中介作用,而且实际吸收能力的中介作用强于潜在吸收能力的中介作用.     

Public knowledge partnerships in European research projects and knowledge creation across R&D institutional sectors

This paper investigates the role of public knowledge partnerships in EU-funded framework programmes (FP) on knowledge creation across a sample of European countries. Different from previous studies, we investigate whether the impact of participation in FP on new knowledge (patents) differs across private companies, universities and public research centres. We find that, while all institutional sectors benefit from joint projects, the main benefits (in terms of patenting activity) go to universities and public research centres, while private companies benefit less. We also find evidence of important complementarities between participation in international research projects and internal innovation drivers (researchers), thus highlighting the crucial role of domestic absorptive capacity for fully benefiting from international cooperation in R&D projects.     

企业间知识库兼容性、知识转移与企业知识创造绩效：双边关系质量的调节机制

在构建“知识兼容—知识转移—知识创造”关系链的基础上，引入嵌入性理论和吸收能力理论，分析不同类型关系质量通过不同程度吸收能力对上述链式促进机制的强化作用。收集239份来自全国多地高新技术企业的问卷调查数据进行实证分析，结果表明：合作企业间知识库兼容性通过知识转移正向影响企业间知识创造绩效；经济型关系质量强化知识库兼容与知识转移之间的关系，而社会型关系质量强化知识转移与知识创造之间的关系，且前者的强化作用是通过企业自身潜在吸收能力传递的，而后者的强化作用则是通过企业自身实际吸收能力实现的。     

University–industry linkages and absorptive capacity: an empirical analysis of China's manufacturing industry

We analyze the contribution of universities to innovative performance in China's manufacturing sector. Our empirical analysis is based on a matched data set comprising about 20,000 large- and medium-sized companies aggregated at the three-digit industry level and information on university knowledge output for 31 provinces between 1998 and 2004. We show that universities’ impact on commercial innovation varies with the type of activity performed and is contingent on the manufacturing sector's investment in absorptive capacity. In addition, our results confirm organizational theory stating that there is a complementary relationship between capabilities to acquire and assimilate external knowledge on the one hand and the capacity to transform and exploit this knowledge on the other.     

THE IMPACT OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY ON SMEs' COLLABORATION

Absorptive capacity plays a key role in determining firms' capability to access and make use of external knowledge. However, little evidence has been provided about this important determinant of knowledge acquisition in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This article investigates the importance of absorptive capacity created and accumulated in R&D efforts and in qualified human resources, on SMEs' capabilities to collaborate with other firms, with universities and with technology transfer centres. The empirical evidence is based on a survey of interviews with 276 manufacturing SMEs located in the Lombardy region (Italy). Probit model estimations demonstrate that even in SMEs absorptive capacity has a relevant impact on the ability of firms to establish collaborations with external organisations.     

An exploratory analysis of the relationship between absorptive capacity and business strategy

In this study, we argue that a firm's absorptive capacity will vary depending on the strategy it adopts. To examine this, based on the fact that absorptive capacity is developed through the ability to acquire, assimilate, transform and exploit externally-generated knowledge, we look at the importance of each of these dimensions at firms pursuing different business strategies. To reflect business strategy, we draw on Miles and Snow's typology. The information has been obtained based on a sample made up of 81 Spanish small and medium-sized enterprises. Results show that knowledge acquisition capacity is greater at prospectors than at defenders and analysers, and that transformation and exploitation capacities are greater at prospectors than at defenders. No differences in knowledge assimilation capacity are observed.