通货膨胀时期的税收效应解析

通货膨胀是一种经济现象,一旦通货膨胀发生,它会对经济生活产生多方面的消极影响,对政府税收产生多重效应,使政府的所得课税、产品课税、储蓄课税等,都会产生通货膨胀效应,导致税收分配格局的改变.当通货膨胀发生时,政府必须调整相应的税收政策,消除通货膨胀对税收的影响,这是建设和谐社会的客观要求.     

多维绩效考核、中国式政府竞争与地方税收征管

在经济增长和税收收入的双重绩效考核下,晋升激励会使地方政府展开税收征管的"逐底竞争"还是"争优竞赛"?明确这一问题有助于绩效考核改革,提高居民福利。理论结果表明,如果相对于辖区居民对经济增长和税收收入的偏好程度,绩效考核更看重经济增长,则晋升激励的加强会使地方政府放松税收征管,展开税收"逐底竞争",反之则使其展开税收"争优竞赛"。实证以地级市所辖县的个数度量县级官员的竞争程度,利用小河流长度作为其工具变量,探究了晋升激励对税收征管的影响。结果发现,市辖县的个数与税收征管力度为"U型"关系,表明在样本期内经济增长是相对更重要的考核指标。根据上述结论,政府在制定绩效考核制度时需要考虑居民偏好,完善居民的监督和偏好反应机制,加强政府对居民偏好的回应,以提高辖区居民福利。     

能源使用效率与中国能源价格市场化

中国能源市场的上游价格已完成市场化并与国际接轨,而终端零售市场价格却仍然受到政府的严格管制.有证据表明,政府的这种管制很可能是出于对于能源价格上涨对经济增长和通货膨胀的负面影响的担忧.政府在价格管制的同时也对国内炼油、发电等下游企业进行补贴和税收减免,以缓解企业压力.从长期来看,这种管制不利于实现节能减排和经济转型,势必将影响居民的长期福利.但在现在的经济局势下,立刻解除管制必然会对经济产生过大的冲击,政府应该通过鼓励能源企业用户进行节能设备的投资,并在此过程中逐渐减少价格干预,才有可能最终实现能源终端消费市场的价格市场化并将其对经济增长的影响降到最低.     

转轨经济中行业性行政垄断的制度根源——基于理性政府汲税约束视角

有关行业性行政垄断制度根源的研究大多局限于利益集团理论框架内,忽视了对政府本质和行为的深层次分析。本文提出理性政府假设,并基于理性政府的汲税约束视角,构建政府税收约束函数和政府效用函数的相应模型,对行政垄断的制度根源进行新的探讨。研究表明,理性政府为了维护自己的执政地位和国家的长治久安,对经济和行政两种汲税手段可相机抉择使用;政府税收的最优点会偏离经济效率的最优点,政府通过突破税收约束的途径来实现自身效用最大化会导致对经济的过度干预;在既定税收水平的条件下,通过改变制度组合,使政府税收最大化点向经济效率最大化点移动,是政府效用提高的另一途径,该途径的实现依赖于政府转型——建设强化市场型政府。     

谈开征社会保障税

社会保障税或社会保险税 ,作为实施社会保障制度的财政收入来源 ,以纳税人的工资和薪金所得作为课税对象的一种税收。社会保障税最早起源于德国 ,目前世界上有 80多个国家征收社会保障税 ,几乎包括了所有经济发达的资本主义国家 ,部分发展中国家 ,在法国、巴西、西班牙等国 ,社会保障税已成为第一号税种。国际上社会保障资金来源有两个渠道 :一是征收社会保障税 ;二是政府财政社会福利支出。我国目前社会保障资金的筹措主要来自国家财政拨款和单位、个人缴纳的保险费 ,对保障我国居民最低生活水平 ,缓解失业问题 ,保证社会安定等方面都起到…     

资金流量表、生产税和间接税的经济归宿

本文利用资金流量表分析框架,以生产税净额代表间接税,探讨间接税对居民部门收入的影响机制,重点分析在国民收入初次分配领域中企业部门和居民部门的间接税税收负担情况。研究发现,虽然间接税名义上来自企业部门,但由于存在着税负转嫁,居民是真正意义上间接税的负税人,居民部门是间接税的经济归宿。在税收收入规模增加的过程中,居民部门以隐蔽的方式贡献了其中相当大一部分,间接税通过税负转嫁减少了居民收入初次分配与最终消费。逐步降低间接税比重、提升直接税比重不仅是税制建设的目标,也是优化税收负担、明确税收归宿的内在要求。各项税种改革应该互相衔接、互相配合,构建间接税和直接税合理匹配的内部循环机制,是优化间接税与直接税之间的比例关系的根本途径。     

铸币税:基于不同视角的理解

本文讨论了不同货币体系下铸币税对政府和中央银行的含义,同时也讨论了铸币税对收入再分配和政府宏观经济政策的意义。本文着重指出,铸币税收入与通货膨胀税是存在差异的。在对我国中央银行资产负债表进行分析的基础上,本文还估算了2003年我国政府从货币发行中获得的铸币税收入的规模。     

浅析国内横向税收竞争的经济效应

文章以国内税收竞争为研究对象 ,归纳了我国当前税收竞争的形式 ,并对几种主要的竞争形式进行经济分析 ,提出提高政府行政效率才是国内税收竞争有效的和经济的手段。     

巴西恶性通胀治理及其对中国的启示

恶性通货膨胀是对经济持续增长的重大挑战。本文梳理了20世纪巴西经济增长路径,详细分析了巴西恶性通货膨胀形成的原因及其政府的治理手段。以此为基础,通过对比中国和巴西通货膨胀形成原因的差异,本文从货币发行、财政资金收支、税收和汇率等多种政策的搭配使用,以及统筹管理社会信用规模总量等方面对中国治理通货膨胀提出了一些政策建议。     

处理好地税部门与地方政府的关系,推进地税工作发展

一、处理好地税部门和地方政府关系的现实意义近几年 ,有些地方政府对税收工作的领导程度愈来愈强 ,有的出现了行政干预过多过火现象 ,违背了依法治税的原则 ,带来不少负面效应。一是与经济决定税收的理论相矛盾。税务部门征收是根据企业的生产经营状况 ,按照税收政策规定依率计征。地方政府如按经济状况包税 ,按目标任务收税 ,有的甚至按人头征税 ,对经济发展较慢的地区而言 ,必将陷入越穷越收、越收越穷的恶性循环局面 ;经济发展较快的地区则出现有税不收、藏税瞒税现象。二是分散了地方政府精力。“一个中心 ,两个基本点”是社会主义初级…     

Government financing in an endogenous growth model with financial market restrictions

Summary. In this paper, we develop an endogenous growth model with market regulations on explicitly modeled financial intermediaries to examine the effects of alternative government financing schemes on growth, inflation, and welfare. In the presence of binding regulation, there is always a unique equilibrium. We perform four alternative policy experiments; a change in the seigniorage tax rate, a change in the seigniorage tax base, a change in the income tax and a change in the fiscal-monetary policy mix. We find that in the presence of binding legal reserve requirements, a marginal increase in government spending need not result in a reduction in the rate of economic growth if it is financed with an increase in the seigniorage tax rate. Raising the seigniorage tax base by means of an increase in the reserve requirement retards growth and it has an ambiguous effect on inflation. An increase in income tax financed government spending also suppresses growth and raises inflation although not to the extent that the required seigniorage tax rate alternative would. Switching from seigniorage to income taxation as a source of government finance is growth reducing but deflationary. From a welfare perspective, the least distortionary way of financing an increase in the government spending requirements is by means of a marginal increase in the seigniorage tax rate. Under the specification of logarithmic preferences, the optimal tax structure is indeterminate. Received: March 20, 2000; revised version: June 26, 2001     

通货膨胀福利成本与消费攀比

本文在一个引入消费攀比的McCallum-Goodfriend框架中,讨论了通货膨胀的福利成本。在政府开支由收入税、一次总付税和铸币税融资的假定下,消费攀比程度与通货膨胀福利成本之间的相关性受收入税率的影响。另外,本文所得到的福利成本要稍高于Lucas模型中的成本。本文还发现,当经济中不存在消费攀比时,最优收入税率和最优名义利率都等于零;反之,则最优名义利率等于零,最优收入税率不等于零。     

扩大内需的税收政策取向

目前 ,我国扩大内需的最大障碍是有效需求不足 ,为此 ,中央采取了积极的财政政策 ,并努力发挥货币政策的作用 ,综合运用多种手段调控经济运行。但由于我国经济长期处于“短缺”状态 ,许多宏观政策包括税收政策 ,其目的是防止过渡的投资需求和消费需求引起的通货膨胀。控制投资和消费 ,防止经济过热。本文分析了在积极财政政策对经济活动效果不够明显的背景下 ,提出了调整现行税收政策的建议 ,以适应扩大内需 ,促进经济增长。     

Monetary policy and fiscal limits with no-default

This paper discusses monetary and fiscal policy interactions that stabilize government debt. Two distortions prevail in the model economy: income taxes and liquidity constraints. Possible obstructions to fiscal policy include a ceiling on the equilibrium debt-to-GDP ratio, zero or negative elasticity of tax revenues, and a political intolerance of raising tax rates. At the fiscal limit two mechanisms restore solvency: fiscal inflation, which reduces the real value of nominal debt, and open market operations, which diminish the size of government debt held by the private sector. Three regimes achieve this goal. In all regimes monetary policy is passive. In all regimes a muted tax response to government debt is consistent with equilibrium. The propensity of a fiscal authority to smooth output is found to determine what is an acceptable response (in the form of tax rate changes) to the level of government debt, while monetary policy determines the timing and magnitude of fiscal inflation. Impulse responses show that the inflation and tax hikes needed to offset a permanent shock to transfers are lowest under nominal interest rate pegs. In this regime, most of the reduction in the real value of government debt comes from open market purchases.     

A macrotheoretic analysis of inflation,taxes, and the price of equity

This paper examines the effects of higher inflation on asset prices via the impact on effective tax rates. The problem is addressed in a full macroeconomic context where explicit attention is paid to the government budget constraint. The analysis shows that the magnitude of the inflationary impact on asset prices varies significantly according to the nature of the government's fiscal response to changes in tax revenues generated by more inflation; in particular, by whether increased inflation revenues are met by an equal increase in public expenditures or by commensurate reductions in other tax parameters which keep total revenues constant.     

Inflation and capital gains taxes in a small open economy

Inflation distorts an economy through many channels. This paper highlights the interaction between inflation and capital gains tax and their distortions to a small open economy through the financial market. This research captures several observations. First, capital formation or investment is an important channel for consumption smoothing over the life cycles. Second, capital gains are taxed only when the gains are realized. Third, inflation introduces an upward bias in the calculation of tax base. Thus, a capital gains tax in the presence of inflation can have a significant welfare effect even though its contribution to the government revenue is relatively small. The quantitative analysis shows that high inflation alone can lower social welfare. This problem becomes more severe when capital gains tax is introduced in an inflationary economy. The implicit inflation tax can be more hazardous to the economy than the explicit counterpart.     

Seigniorage and Japanese fiscal sustainability: Simulation analysis using an overlapping generations model

This study examines two tax policies for achieving fiscal sustainability in Japan: (i) an increase in consumption tax and (ii) consumption tax hike combined with inflation. To evaluate these policies from both fiscal and welfare perspectives, I develop a multi-period overlapping generations model with money. The results reveal that, compared to the first policy, the second policy can substantially delay the timing of and curb the increase in consumption tax through seigniorage revenue. This suggests seigniorage could be a useful tool for the Japanese government in resolving its fiscal problems. In addition, in an aging Japan, the second policy can enhance future generations’ utility. Because inflation reduces money holdings and utility of the elderly, policies that cause inflation in the present but reduce it in the future improve the utility of future generations. From a social welfare viewpoint, such policies are desirable in a government that has foresight.     

THE EVOLUTION OF VAT RATES AND GOVERNMENT TAX REVENUE IN MEXICO

As a response to the 1994 Mexican peso crisis, in April 1995 the Mexican government increased the Value Added Tax (VAT) rate from 10 to 15%. More recently, policy makers have debated the potential economic impact of a reduction in the VAT rate on VAT revenue. Using a vector autoregression (VAR) model, this article analyzes the dynamics between government spending, inflation, the VAT rate, and VAT revenue in Mexico. The results from the estimated impulse response functions and variance decompositions indicate that VAT rate hikes lead to increases in government tax receipts. Further, tax collections play an important role in explaining movements in the rate of inflation in the Mexican economy. Overall, the findings are consistent with the view that increases (decreases) in the VAT rate result in larger (smaller) tax revenues.     

The impact of fiscal-monetary policy interactions on government size and macroeconomic performance

This paper analyzes the relationship between inflation, output and government size by reexamining the time inconsistency of optimal monetary and fiscal policies in a general equilibrium model with staggered timing structure for the acquisition of nominal money à la Neiss (Neiss, Katharine S. (1999), Discretionary Inflation in a General Equilibrium Model, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 31(3), pp. 357–374.), and public expenditure financed by means of a distortive tax. It is shown that, with predetermined wages, the equilibrium rate of inflation is above the Friedman rule and the equilibrium tax rate is below the efficient level. In particular, the discretionary rate of inflation is nonmonotonically related to the natural output, positively related to government size, and negatively related to the degree of central bank conservatism. Finally, a regime with commitment leads to welfare improvements over a regime with discretion.