市场流动性与资产定价理论评述

上世纪80年代以来,通过流动性的研究实现对传统资产定价理论的校正成为理论研究前沿。从驱动市场流动性变化的因素出发,一方面,将交易成本所引起的市场非流动性纳入传统资产定价理论研究框架,进而采用一般均衡分析方法求解其对均衡价格的影响,从而构建了流动性与资产定价研究的基础理论;另一方面,放宽传统资产定价理论中对信息质量的约束,从交易机制与投资者行为等视角研究流动性形成的特殊机制,从而将流动性与资产定价的研究延伸到市场微观基础。因此,本文从流动性与资产定价的基础理论、微观基础和经验研究方法等方面回顾了近30年来这一领域研究中较为重要的文献。     

流动性、股票定价及时变性：来自我国沪深股市的经验证据

本文在经流动性风险调整的资产定价模型的基础上,通过引进四个工具变量,构建了一个检验模型,于时间序列上对中国股票市场进行了实证分析。实证结果显示：我国的股市流动性单位风险溢价于时间序列上存在显著的时变性。从而证实了投资者之内生流动性风险对股票收益率之影响效应,进而揭示了一个货币供给量影响股市的一个作用机制,即股票价格的涨跌由于流动性水平的不同和由前者导致的流动性风险溢价要求的不同而受到影响。     

流动性风险与资产定价能力研究基于我国股市的实证研究

通过建立Engle（2002）提出的动态条件相关多元GARCH模型DCC-MVGARCH来计算时变的市场收益对市场总流动性相对变化的敏感性（协方差），进而建立三因素资产定价模型，从时间序列角度研究市场总流动性风险间的关系。研究结果表明，中国股市存在显著的市场风险溢价、市场收益对总流动性变化的敏感性风险溢价以及流动性相对变化的波动性风险溢价。     

上交所国债市场流动性溢价分析

流动性溢价一直以来都是国际学术界广泛关注与研究的问题.本文选择在上海证券交易所上市交易的7年期、10年期和20年期国债,利用日内交易数据,以新券与旧券为分析对象,实证研究了新券与旧券的流动性溢价问题.发现旧券和新券在收益率上确实存在显著差异,旧券的收益率要高于新券的收益率.同时,本文又通过回归分析研究发现,旧券与新券的流动性差异对旧券与新券的收益率差异只有很小的解释能力,基本可以说明我国国债市场流动性溢价存在,但不是很显著.     

艺术品的金融属性：投资收益与资产配置*

本文基于2000—2014年中国艺术品拍卖市场近现代国画的微观数据,在资产配置中引入市场交易机制中的佣金变量,加入艺术品市场规模约束,采用重复交易法实证计量嵌入艺术品市场的投资收益特征并量化其资产配置效应,以测度其市场功能。优质的艺术精品具备金融资产风险和收益的基本特征,本文对艺术品资产与资本资产定价模型的适应性进行讨论。研究表明：在样本期内,剔除通胀和佣金成本因素后收益率更加贴近现实,中国艺术品投资的实际收益率水平为1308%,表现出高于欧美市场的投资溢价;艺术品投资与传统的股票、债券等金融资产之间表现出相对独立性,并能有效改善投资者资产组合的风险边界,可以成为资产配置优化和多样化的重要选择。中国艺术品市场的长期稳健发展将为投资者提供更多的资产优化产品和工具。     

可交易价值与股票短期收益分析——基于不同市场环境的实证研究

通过对股票可交易过程的分析,提出可交易价值的概念并指出价格、流动性和波动性是构成可交易价值的主要因素,并在CAPM模型的基础上建立考虑股票可交易价值的资本资产定价模型。运用横截面回归法分别对我国沪深A股市场处于熊市和牛市阶段的行业日交易数据进行实证分析,指出以日风险收益率为代表的股票短期预期收益率不仅与传统系统风险因子有关,还受可交易价值中价格因子、流动性因子和波动性因子影响。并且,在不同市场环境下,可交易价值各因子的表现形式也不同,既反映出市场及投资者不同的心理预期,也为市场预测和监管提供了一种新的途径。     

数据要素资产价格、交易收益与效用研究

数据资产化是推动数据要素市场化流通的关键环节。本文建立了数据资产智能合约会员定价、数据资产交易平台定价和数据资产组合定价模型，针对数据所有权和用益权交易方式，研究数据资产价格与交易收益及效用之间的关系。本文研究发现：数据资产定价机制、交易主体收益与效用等是影响数据要素市场化流通的主要因素。通过机制分析表明：一方面，利用区块链智能合约对数据交易进行跟踪与定价，以实名制会员注册信息，形成数据资产交易合同验证等智能化会员合约，能在有效保障数据交易安全的前提下，降低数据资产交易价格；另一方面，通过数据估值与资产定价两阶段定价模型，能有效挖掘数据价值和优化资产价格，形成不同权属的数据资产动态定价策略，实现供需双方效益最大化。而且数据交易成本越高，生命周期越短，买方效用越低，市场评价越差，客户越容易流失。因此，需要加强数据交易市场与资本市场深度融合，建立规范、高效、安全、便利的数据资产化服务体系，促进数据要素市场化流通。     

流动性成本与股票定价--中国股票市场实证研究

股票市场流动性对股票定价(股票预期收益率)有着重要的影响。采用一种新的流动性指标(ILLIQ)和中国股票市场交易数据,来实证研究中国股票市场流动性成本与股票定价的关系后,发现流动性成本与股票定价(股票预期收益率)之间存在显著的正相关关系;而显示流动性成本,是投资者进行股票定价所考虑的重要因素之一。     

流动性风险对资产定价的影响研究

风险和收益的关系一直是金融界和财务界最为关心的主题之一。近年来,国际上认为流动性是市场交易的基本需要,流动性风险因素对资产定价起到非常重要的影响。通过对流动性风险含义、影响因素和度量方法的分析,结合调整的资本资产定价的研究,指出流动性风险对预期收益的影响在资本资产定价中应有所体现。     

中国居民消费风险与资产收益分析

消费资本资产定价模型（Consumption-based Capital Asset Pricing Model，简称CCAPM）表明，资产风险溢价由代表性经济人的相对风险规避系数与资产收益和消费增长率之间的协方差的乘积决定，这就是消费增长决定的资产收益形成机制。在消费资本资产定价模型中，一项资产的风险能够通过使用其收益与人均消费增长率的协方差进行测量，这表明预期资产收益率的系统风险能够用消费增长率风险来进行解释。由于各资产与人均消费增长率的协方差有所不同，因此各资产的收益会有所区别。     

Rolling settlement and market liquidity

This paper investigates the impact on UK stock and option markets of the change from an account based settlement system to a rolling settlement procedure. Such a change increases the transaction costs of short-term margin traders, and is likely to impact on the liquidity of the underlying market, as well as trading in the options market. Evidence is presented that the settlement procedure does impact on the liquidity of the market. Further, we find that rolling settlement increased market liquidity, consistent with the exit of margin traders as a result of the increase in short selling costs. Associated with this increase in liquidity is a significant reduction in nonoptionable stock trading volume, implying that margin trading may have been more prevalent in stocks without options. Finally, it is shown that while trading in stock options increased, the volatilities implied from call and put option prices indicate that put options have become relatively more expensive. This reflects the change in demand induced by the new settlement procedure, especially in terms of the increase in short selling costs.     

中国股市隐性交易成本影响因素分析

在电子指令驱动的交易制度下,中国股票价格、市场深度、知情交易概率、信息冲击、股价波动和买卖指令的不平衡性,都是影响隐性交易成本的因素;中国股市流动性、波动性和有效性,都对隐性交易成本产生影响,即流动性差、有效性低、波动性高会导致隐性交易成本增大.这一结论从实证上得到了验证.因此,隐性交易成本是衡量股票市场运行效率的一个综合性指标.     

Price discovery and the effects of fragmentation on market quality: evidence from Cypriot cross-listed stocks

Using a novel high-frequency data set, we examine the contribution of Greek trading to the price discovery process of a pair of Cypriot blue-chip, cross-listed stocks during overlapping trading hours. Additionally, we investigate the effects of market fragmentation on the home market’s quality, as measured by microstructure-based liquidity measures. Contrary to earlier studies from other markets, our findings show that foreign stock exchanges can act as the leading contributors to price discovery and can concentrate the majority of trading activity and produce the lowest transaction costs. Our results also show that market fragmentation can lead to negative effects on market liquidity.     

How time horizons and arbitrage cost influence the turnover premium?

There are multiple theories for the causal relation between stock turnover and expected return. The risk theory argues that stocks with high turnover generally have high information uncertainty, and thus high subsequent returns are required to compensate for the increased risk. By contrast, the theory of heterogeneous beliefs considers that high-turnover stocks have high speculative values and tend to be overpriced. We find that the information contained in stock turnover is multidimensional and controlling time horizons and arbitrage cost contributes to the reconciliation of the theories of risk compensation and heterogeneous beliefs. Our result shows that expected return is positively correlated with short-term turnover, and negatively correlated with long-term one. The premium on short-term turnover is consistent with the explanations based on transaction cost and liquidity risk. The premium on long-term turnover is much more pronounced among stocks with high arbitrage cost and can be largely explained by the mispricing theory and heterogeneous beliefs.     

Investor recognition and liquidity: evidence from dual listing on the NYSE and NASDAQ

This article examines the impact of the NYSE firms’ decision to dual list on NASDAQ and the resultant trading liquidity, after controlling for the endogeneity of the decision. Using a simultaneous system of equations approach, we find evidence that dual listing lowers transaction costs, but does not lead to any significant improvement in investor recognition. Further, the improvement in market quality due to dual listing on NASDAQ does generate, albeit somewhat weak, positive cumulative abnormal returns surrounding the dual listing.     

The relation between the informational content of implied volatility and arbitrage costs: Evidence from the Oslo Stock Exchange

This study investigates the proposition that volatility of stock returns can be predicted from the volatility implied by options on the Oslo Stock Exchange (OSE), conditional on the ability to perform arbitrage. Insights into the relation between the informational content of implied volatility and arbitrage cost can be distilled from Oslo Stock Exchange data. For Norwegian firms, options and their underlying stock trade on the Oslo Stock Exchange and have an overlapping set of market makers thereby lowering the cost of arbitrage. Other components of arbitrage trading costs, liquidity and dispersion of stock return volatility, vary widely across Norwegian firms. Moreover, restriction on the short selling of stock in Oslo allows further insight into the role of arbitrage costs in determining the informational content of implied volatility. The results yield support for the arbitrage cost hypothesis: the lower the arbitrage cost between the stock and the option, the greater the informational content of implied volatility.     

T+1 trading mechanism causes negative overnight return

The T+1 trading mechanism is unique in the Chinese stock market, thus providing a natural experimental field to study the trading mechanism and price behaviors. This paper proposes and proves that T+1 trading mechanism causes negative overnight return, the overnight return can serve as a proxy of the T+1 trading mechanism. The paper finds that the overnight return of the Chinese stock market is significantly negative, whereas those under the T+0 trading mechanism, such as China’s stock index futures, Hong Kong stocks, and major international indices, all have around 0 or positive overnight returns. T+1 trading mechanism has greater impacts on stocks with more divergent investor opinions, higher risk, more individual investor percentages, higher arbitrage restrictions, and less liquidity. The T+1 trading mechanism distorts the price generation mechanism of stocks. The paper contributes to the understanding of impact of trading mechanism on stock prices.     

The relation between asset growth and the cross-section of stock returns: Evidence from the Chinese stock market

This study examines the effect of firm investment on stock returns by using data on the Chinese stock market. We find that stocks with higher investment experience lower future returns and there is an obvious investment effect in the Chinese stock market. The investment effect is stronger for firms that have higher cash flows, lower debt or for state-owned firms. We further explore the relation between investment and returns over the 3 years around portfolio formation. The results show that the high investment firms earn higher returns than low investment firms before portfolio formation; however the high investment firms earn lower returns than low investment firms after portfolio formation, such evidence is supportive of investor's overreaction explanation. Additionally, the stock returns don't necessarily decrease after investment, and the stock returns don't significantly positively correlate with firm profitability or book-to-market, so the result don't support risk-based explanation. Overall, both our portfolio sort and two-stage cross-sectional regression analysis show that behavioral finance theories are better than risk-based theories in explaining the investment anomaly. Evidence from the Chinese stock market provides a useful perspective to understand the debate on the investment anomaly.     

The effect of the liberalization of the Chinese stock market on returns

We examine the short-term effects of the liberalization of the Chinese stock market on returns. We find a positive and significant abnormal return associated with the announcement of the liberalization of the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Exploiting features of the reform, we are able to compare stocks directly and indirectly affected by the liberalization. We find that all stock prices reflect this announcement premium equally, suggesting that the premium does not reflect an increase in expected liquidity. We further find that observed liquidity, as measured by volume and price impact, did not increase following the liberalization. We conclude that the observed premium reflects a diversification benefit for Chinese investors.     

Liquidity Dynamics Across Small and Large Firms

In this paper, we analyse cross‐sectional heterogeneity in the time‐series variation of liquidity in equity markets. Our analysis uses a broad time‐series and cross‐section of liquidity data. We find that average daily changes in liquidity exhibit significant heterogeneity in the cross‐section; the liquidity of small firms varies more on a daily basis than that of large firms. A steady increase in aggregate market liquidity over the past decade is more strongly manifest in large firms than in small firms. Absolute stock returns are an important determinant of liquidity. We investigate cross‐sectional differences in the resilience of a firm's liquidity to information shocks. We use the sensitivity of stock liquidity to absolute stock returns as an inverse measure of this resilience, and find that the measure exhibits considerable cross‐sectional variation. Firm size, return volatility, institutional holdings, and volume are all significant cross‐sectional determinants of this measure.
(J.E.L.: D82, G10, G14).