"绿色贸易壁垒"对国际贸易的影响与对策研究

进入 2 1世纪以来 ,“绿色贸易壁垒”日益成为国际贸易保护主义的主要特征。本文分析了“绿色贸易壁垒”的现状及其对国际贸易的影响 ,并针对发展中国家的未来发展 ,提出了跨越“绿色贸易壁垒”的相应对策。     

绿色贸易壁垒与企业绿色经营策略

随着我国加入世界贸易组织,绿色贸易壁垒已日益成为我国产品进入国际市场的障碍。本文在阐述绿色贸易壁垒的缘起及表现基础上,着重分析了绿色贸易壁垒对我国企业发展的影响以及我国企业应对绿色贸易壁垒的绿色经营策略。     

试论"入世后过渡期"出口企业应对新贸易壁垒的措施

根据我国加入WTO协定，我国将逐步履行承诺，到2006年底执行完全入世承诺。“入世后过渡期”对我国企业的影响深远。在传统贸易壁垒作用日益减弱的今天，技术壁垒、绿色壁垒、社会壁垒等新贸易壁垒已成为我国外贸发展的主要障碍。为了减少以至于消除新贸易壁垒的不利影响，我国出口企业必须尽快与国际通行的环境管理制度相衔接。而大力提高国民的环保意识，积极申请绿色认证，推行绿色管理，建立和完善绿色政策和法规正是我国出口企业突破新贸易壁垒的有效手段，以确保我国对外贸易的可持续发展。     

浅析绿色贸易壁垒对山西省外贸出口的影响

作为一个贸易大国,绿色贸易壁垒几乎已经波及到了我国外贸出口的所有领域。对于山西省的影响也是不言而喻的。山西省政府早在“十五”规划中就提出要进行产业结构调整,以对外贸易出口调整带动产业结构调整,从依靠煤炭资源出口向机电产品以及农畜产品出口转换,进一步促进山西对外贸易跨越式发展。但是,绿色贸易壁垒阻碍了产品的出口。因此,系统地研究绿色贸易壁垒,分析绿色贸易壁垒对山西省对外贸易的影响以及如何合理应对这种影响就具有重要的现实意义。     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响及应对途径

当前,在国际贸易中,各类关税贸易壁垒的影响力正在日渐削弱.绿色贸易壁垒的影响力正在日渐增强.绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易造成了严重的影响,有必要积极探究有效的应对途径.本文简述了绿色贸易壁垒的含义和形成原因,浅析了绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易造成的影响,探究了我国应对绿色贸易壁垒的有效途径,以期为我国的出口贸易发展提供借鉴.     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国国际贸易的影响及策略

绿色贸易壁垒自出现以来发展迅速,在国际贸易壁垒中处于十分重要的地位。作为一个贸易大国,绿色贸易壁垒已影响到我国对外贸易的发展,几乎波及到我国外贸出口的所有领域。因此,系统地研究绿色贸易壁垒,分析绿色贸易壁垒对国际贸易的影响,以及分析其对中国经济可持续发展的影响,提出构建我国绿色贸易壁垒应对策略,具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及我国的对策

论述了绿色贸易壁垒的主要表现形式,深入分析了绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响,相应地提出了我国农产品出口应对绿色贸易壁垒的措施及建议。     

浅谈绿色贸易壁垒

随着全球经济一体化进程的迅速推进,WTO多个回合的谈判使得长期以来作为主要贸易壁垒的高额关税逐渐退出了历史舞台,代之而起的是绿色贸易壁垒。作为方便易行、见效快的强有力保护手段,绿色贸易壁垒愈来愈频繁地付诸实施,矛头直指我国大宗出口产品,使中国成为“绿色壁垒”和反倾销措施的主要打击对象,致使中国许多产品无缘进入国际市场。     

"绿色GDP"与绿色会计

加入世贸组织 ,参与国际多边贸易体系 ,积极参与国际市场竞争是世界经济发展的大趋势 ,WTO通过实施普通的最惠国待遇 ,削减乃至取消关税和其他贸易壁垒 ,促进国际贸易增长。就目前而言 ,我国经济运作及管理方面与世贸组织的规则仍存在一定的差异 ,在技术性贸易壁垒方面 ,“绿色壁垒”限制了我国商品的对外出口 ,影响着经济的发展 ,而发展绿色经济是实施可持续发展战略的关键。本文以绿色经济环境为前提 ,围绕“绿色GDP”的理论与实践背景 ,分析绿色产业的价值运动 ,探讨绿色会计的理论、制度及应用……     

农产品出口如何应对绿色贸易壁垒

本文主要阐明了绿色贸易壁垒及其表现形式,对绿色贸易壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响进行了分析,在此基础上提出中国农产品出口应对绿色贸易壁垒的主要对策。旨在降低绿色贸易壁垒对现行我国农业的不利影响。并推动我国农业朝着可持续性的绿色农业方向发展。     

农产品绿色技术壁垒形成的政治经济学原因探究

近年来，绿色技术壁垒问题正越来越引起人们的关注。一些发达国家以保护生态环境、保护人类、动植物生命和健康为由制定复杂苛刻的环境保护措施，对国际贸易造成了不必要的障碍。因为大部分农产品和食品的出口限制主要以保护环境和人类健康为由，如检测出进口农产品有毒成分残留超标，含有已禁用的农药和化学药品等，所以农产品贸易受绿色技术壁垒的影响更为严重。本文尝试从政治经济学的角度深刻分析农产品遭遇绿色技术壁垒的原因。     

发展中国家绿色贸易壁垒的特点与发展趋势及对我国的启示

随着国际贸易的发展,绿色贸易壁垒越来越成为国际贸易中的重大障碍.发展中国家的绿色贸易壁垒在产生中存在很强的被动性,绿色贸易壁垒的法律体系和程序不健全且缺乏必要的透明度,在实施绿色贸易壁垒的过程中协调性也差.应当促使发展中国家广泛参与国际合作,完善自己的绿色贸易壁垒,缩小与发达国家差距的趋势.同时借鉴它们的经验,完善我国的绿色贸易壁垒体系,积极应对国外的绿色贸易壁垒挑战.     

建立中国-东盟自由贸易区的贸易效应分析

在当今世界经济的发展中,区域经济一体化是战后世界经济发展的重要特征,也是当前世界经济发展的客观必然趋势。按照《中国-东盟全面经济合作框架协议》时间框架,中国-东盟自由贸易区于2010年1月1日全面建成。本文首先介绍了中国-东盟自由贸易区的发展状况;然后采用定性分析法,通过对建立中国-东盟自由贸易区的贸易效应分析,可以看出中国东盟的经济还有很大的发展空间,只要将贸易区内存在的问题处理妥当,中国一东盟自由贸易区在建成后将能发挥更大的潜力。     

Environmental policy in the European Union: Fostering the development of pollution havens?

A pollution haven occurs when dirty industries from developed nations relocate to developing nations in order to avoid strict environmental standards or developed nations imports of dirty industries expand replacing domestic production. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the European Union (EU) has increased its imports of “dirty” goods from poorer, less democratic countries during a period of more stringent environmental standards. Previous empirical studies such as those by Levinson and Taylor [Levinson, A., and Taylor, M.S., in press. Unmasking the Pollution Haven Effect. International Economic Review.], Ederington, Levinson and Minier [Ederington, J., Levinson, A., and Minier, J., 2005. Footloose and Pollution-Free. Review of Economics and Statistics., 87: 92-99.], Kahn and Yoshino (2004), and Ederington and Minier [Ederington, J., and Minier. J., 2003. Is Environmental Policy a Secondary Trade Barrier? An Empirical Analysis. Canadian Journal of Economics., 36: 137-54.] find evidence that United States imports are responsive to changes in environmental stringency, but the effects of EU policy have not been examined as thoroughly. Our study follows Kahn [Kahn, M.E., 2003. The Geography of Us Pollution Intensive Trade: Evidence from 1958 to 1994. Regional Science and Urban Economics., 33: 383-400.] and examines the impact of industry energy intensity and toxicity, measured by an energy index and a Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) index, on imports into the EU, at the 2-digit industry level from 1970 to 1999. We use the signing of the Maastricht Treaty to signify a period of more uniform and stringent community wide environmental standards (1993-1999), and identify the level of per capita GDP within an EU trading partner. We find an increased amount of EU energy intensive trade with poorer countries during the period with more stringent EU environmental standards. This result is not robust, however, when poorer countries are defined by OECD membership and geographic region. We do not find an increased amount of EU toxic intensive trade with poorer countries although there is some evidence of increased EU imports of toxic goods from poorer OECD and non-EU European countries. For our full sample of trading partners in all regions, the evidence supports the PHH for EU energy intensive trade, but not for toxic intensive trade. Results for regional trade analysis are less clear.     

An empirical analysis of the U.S. Senate vote on NAFTA and GATT

This paper examines the determinants of the voting behavior of the U.S. Senate on the North American Free Trade Agreement and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Public choice theory suggests that the voting behavior of senators is influenced by constituent interests, special interest politics, and their ideology. This paper uses probit analysis to test the significance of the above factors. The results indicate that constituent economic interests and special interest money were significant determinants of the Senate voting on the North American Free Trade Agreement but not on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.     

论中国对外贸易创新的技术支持系统

对外贸易创新的技术支持系统是一个复杂的、开放的自组织网络系统。系统的运动形式主要有技术与对外贸易创新变量的螺旋状相互推进、对外贸易创新变量之间的网络状交互作用、对外贸易创新的技术支持系统与外部环境的物质与能量交换。中国对外贸易创新的技术支持系统存在着软、硬技术的原始创新能力不足和技术核与对外贸易创新变量的交互作用不强等问题,应采取有效措施加以解决。     

Technology and the dynamics of comparative advantage

This paper explores how trade affects innovation in a two‐country, two‐good, two‐factor Heckscher–Ohlin model with heterogeneous firms. Trade openness induces an increase in process innovation in both industries. The increase is stronger in the comparative advantage industry. Trade openness boosts prospective entrants' profits in that industry, which leads to further increases in product innovation. Trade liberalization generates a different relative impact on innovation across industries, depending on trade costs. When they are high (low), it increases process innovation relatively more in the comparative advantage (disadvantage) industry, leading to TFP divergence (convergence) across industries.     

Fair Trade organic coffee production in Nicaragua — Sustainable development or a poverty trap?

This article assesses the impact of Fair Trade organic coffee production on the well-being of small-scale farmers in Nicaragua. Studying the results of organic management is crucial for evaluating the advantages of Fair Trade because approximately half of all Fair Trade coffee is also organically certified. A wide range of farmers, representatives of cooperatives and export companies in Nicaragua were interviewed during seven months of field work between 2005 and 2008. Fair Trade organic production raises farmer income when low-intensity organic farming is an alternative to low-intensity conventional farming. However, low-intensity farming produces very little coffee in the case of the most marginalized farmers, keeping these farmers in poverty. With higher intensities of management, the economic advantages of Fair Trade organic production largely depend on prices in the mainstream market.     

自贸区设立、经济集聚与城市创新

本文关注自贸区设立对所在城市创新能力的影响，运用2003—2019年257个城市面板数据，采用DID模型识别政策效果。研究发现：第一，自贸区设立显著促进所在城市创新能力提升，并且在运用工具变量法等一系列检验后，该结论仍然成立。第二，在影响机制方面，自贸区设立可通过经济集聚促进所在城市创新能力提升。第三，在空间溢出方面，自贸区设立对周围城市创新能力来说是一个帕累托改进，表现为自贸区显著促进周围城市人均低端专利授权量增加。第四，在异质性方面，自贸区设立对所在城市创新能力提升存在批次和区域异质性。本文研究结论对于自贸区建设、创新驱动发展战略实施和经济高质量发展具有重要意义。     

The Ecology of Trade

Trading behavior occurs in many species but has a particularly elaborate form in humans. Trade is defined as the mutually beneficial, adaptive transfer of goods and services between organisms. Trade has a competitive element and responds to changes in relative scarcity. Trade is demonstrated to be a biological phenomenon rather than an artefact of human civilisation. Species’ characteristics that increase the likelihood of trade occurring are outlined. The evolution of trading strategies is most likely in humans and social arthropods. A formal model is presented to show that trade can simultaneously increase consumption among populations and reduce pressure on locally scarce resources. This allows a species to increase its density and escape the constraints imposed by local resource limitations. This represents a major ecological benefit to the trading species. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.