How China is Reorganizing the World Economy*

We analyze the impact of China's integration into the global economy on other countries, Asian countries in particular. We first examine how the growth of China's exports is affecting the exports of other countries in Asia and the rest of the world. Our innovation is to distinguish exports of capital goods, consumer goods, and intermediates and to disaggregate textiles and consumer electronics, the most visible sectors where China's presence is felt. We next look to the impact of China on direct foreign investment flows. Here our innovation is to distinguish vertical and horizontal foreign direct investment (FDI) and to consider how they are affected by supply‐chain relationships. We then look more closely at factors influencing the articulation of these supply chains, the fragmentation of production, and the emerging international division of labor, focusing on two industries, electronics and autos, that exhibit very different responses. The results suggest that countries specializing in the production and export of components and raw materials feel positive effects from China's growth, while countries specializing in the production of consumer goods feel negative effects. Similarly, countries that compete with China for horizontal FDI find it more difficult to attract foreign investment as a result of that country's emergence, while countries that are potentially attractive destinations for vertical FDI find it easier to attract foreign investment as a result of trade links, especially in components and intermediates, that allow them to take advantage of supply chains involving their large and dynamically growing neighbor.     

谈FDI对我国区域经济均衡发展的影响

外商直接投资(以下简称FD I)在中国经济增长中发挥着重要的推动作用,但是中国吸收FD I的地区分布呈现出非常明显的非均衡特征。这对我国区域经济发展差异产生了重大的影响。从经济增长、产业结构、市场竞争、收入分配、综合竞争等方面阐述了FD I对区域经济发展的影响机制,并提出相应的对策建议。     

Revisiting Exports and Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam

Since 1986, Vietnam has undertaken various reform measures in the trade and foreign investment area. This paper finds significant contributions of world trade, and competitiveness and liberalization effects to Vietnam's export growth over the period 1997–2008. Vietnam's exports became more competitive and better complemented the import demand of Vietnam's trade partners. In addition, dynamic comparative advantage became evident in many products, but significant room remains for improving export competitiveness. Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows also increased and helped stimulate Vietnam's exports. FDI inflows have increased in both the short‐ and long‐term, yet are only of a limited magnitude. This necessitates more effective measures to enhance the linkages between FDI and domestic enterprises.     

FDI对我国产业结构升级影响的实证研究--基于面板随机系数模型的分析

改革开放以来,我国实施“以市场换技术”的外资战略,吸引外资以期换来国外的先进技术,促进产业结构升级。时至今日,此举是否真正换来了技术与产业结构的升级,值得我们细分研究。本文选取1999—2009年我国实际利用外资金额和行业增加值数据,通过采用面板随机系数模型分析了FDI对三次产业中各个细分行业的影响,从而得出FDI对我国产业结构升级的影响。研究得出如下结论：FDI对第一产业（即农林牧渔业）增加值有影响,但不够显著;FDI对第二产业中的制造业增加值的影响显著;FDI对第三产业内绝大多数行业增加值的影响显著。进而表明FDI的流入能有效推动产业结构升级和优化。     

FDI对我国产业结构升级影响的实证研究——基于面板随机系数模型的分析

改革开放以来,我国实施"以市场换技术"的外资战略,吸引外资以期换来国外的先进技术,促进产业结构升级。时至今日,此举是否真正换来了技术与产业结构的升级,值得我们细分研究。本文选取1999-2009年我国实际利用外资金额和行业增加值数据,通过采用面板随机系数模型分析了FDI对三次产业中各个细分行业的影响,从而得出FDI对我国产业结构升级的影响。研究得出如下结论:FDI对第一产业(即农林牧渔业)增加值有影响,但不够显著;FDI对第二产业中的制造业增加值的影响显著;FDI对第三产业内绝大多数行业增加值的影响显著。进而表明FDI的流入能有效推动产业结构升级和优化。     

FDI对国内投资与经济增长的冲击效应分析——基于VAR模型的分析

20世纪80年代以来,外商直接投资已成为发展中国家获得外部资源的主要渠道,已成为中国经济发展的一个重要经济增长点。文章通过协整检验发现,FDI流入分别对经济增长与国内投资产生正向、负向作用,除中部地区外,这一趋势还将在今后一段时间持续。接着,通过邹检验发现,在外商直接投资的外部冲击下,中国及东、中、西部的国内投资及经济增长分别在1992年,1989年,1990年,1998年发生结构性变化。再次,通过Granger因果检验与脉冲响应函数分析发现：中国及各地区国内投资在外商直接投资的投资下呈现较为一致的变化态势,但中国各地区经济增长在外商直接投资的冲击下呈现各异的变化特征。     

物流发展、FDI与出口贸易结构优化——基于中部地区的实证分析

基于中部六省1994-2012年的统计数据,通过对物流发展水平指标提取主成分,发现中部地区物流发展综合水平在不断提升,特别是入世后得到迅猛的发展;采用资本、技术密集型产品占工业制成品出口额的比重测算的结果显示,中部地区出口贸易结构正由劳动密集型向资本、技术密集型演化。借助SVAR模型实证表明:中部地区FDI与物流发展水平及出口贸易结构之间呈现了良性互动效应,但物流发展水平只是与FDI显现了互动,而未能有效促进出口贸易结构优化,在吸引FDI促进出口贸易结构优化方面,物流依然是中部区位优势中的一块短板。基于实证结果的启示,文章最后提出中部地区应考虑将提高区域物流信息化水平、实现区域物流一体化及标准化等作为政策的着力点,改善物流业软环境,才能更好地吸引FDI有效推动经济转型、产业升级及出口贸易结构优化。     

FDI与产业结构升级:西部的实证分析

FDI对区域经济增长的影响,需要依靠区位优势在产业结构升级中体现,FDI对区域经济增长的产业结构调整具有明显的资源补充和产业引导功能。西部地区的开发要实现增长方式的转变,要充分发挥FDI的作用,引进外资和技术实现产业结构整合和区位优势。针对我国西部地区经济增长的产业发展现状,如何实现FDI与区位产业发展优势的有效结合,引导FDI的溢出绩效和产业收敛效应成为中西部地区经济增长与政策制定的关键。以陕西区域经济增长数据为背景,分析了FDI对产业结构的影响。结果表明,在西部区域经济发展中,FDI的作用还需要在产业结构升级换代中不断强化,在政策上进行有效调整和引导。     

Foreign direct investment and exports The experiences of Vietnam1

We examined the implementation statuses of a total of 5,919 foreign direct investment (FDI) projects approved by the Vietnamese Ministry of Planning and Investment since 1988, and compiled a database of actually disbursed FDI in Vietnam. The database covers FDI flows into Vietnam from 23 countries from 1990 to 2004. Using the data, we analyzed the impact of FDI on the exports of Vietnam with gravity equations. The empirical results demonstrate that FDI is one of the major factors driving the rapid export growth of Vietnam. It has significantly facilitated the expansion of Vietnam's exports to FDI source countries. In particular, the empirical analysis shows that a 1 percent increase in FDI inflows will be expected to give rise to a 0.13 percent increase in Vietnam's exports to these countries.     

Regional analysis of the impact of inward foreign direct investment on economic growth in the Chinese electronic industry

This article empirically investigates the impact of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) on regional economic growth in the Chinese electronic industry (CEI). Utilizing a provincial-level panel data spanning the period 1989 to 2009, we specify and estimate an endogenous economic growth model for the CEI. Empirical results indicate that, for the coastal region, FDI inflows have been growth enhancing, while in the central and western regions the impact of FDI on economic growth is mixed, depending on the channel of capital flow. Results also indicate that exports, human capital, science and technology investment and fixed asset investment are growth enhancing, while unemployment and foreign R&D investment are growth impeding in the CEI.     

The Role of Foreign Direct Investment on Income Convergence in China after Early 1990s from a Spatial Econometric Perspective

This paper introduces foreign direct investment (FDI) as an endogenous variable based on a neoclassical model of economic growth and investigates the impact of FDI on income convergence in China using provincial panel data from 1991 to 2007. A spatial model is later exploited to further examine the effect of FDI on convergence in China in light of remarkable and positive spatial correlations among neighboring regions. Results of estimates confirm the role of FDI inflow as a significant driving force to promote conditional convergence in China after the early 1990s. They also confirm that the non‐spatial classical model underestimates the impact of FDI on regional economic growth and also underestimates the speed of convergence.     

FDI对区域经济增长的贡献度研究——来自1999-2007年我国中部六省的经验数据

国外直接投资(即FDI)对发展中国家经济增长的贡献度问题一直是人们研究的热点问题。文章基于1999-2007年中部六省的数据,研究FDI与中部地区经济增长之间的关系,得出FDI对中部地区经济增长的直接促进作用不是很大,但是由FDI所带来的技术溢出效应对经济增长起反向的拉动作用。鉴于此,文章对中部地区在引进外资方面提出相关建议,即在重视FDI的量的同时更应该注重其质的提高,注重FDI对当地企业的技术溢出效应。     

中国吸引FDI区位因素实证分析

近年来,随着国际资本流动的愈加频繁迅速,流向中国的外商直接投资越来越多,而FDI在中国经济增长中发挥着发动机的作用。东道国吸引FDI流入的因素有很多,如资源优势、宽松稳定的社会环境等。采用中国1983-2006年的Panel Data数据,在计量方法上采用的是加入虚拟变量的普通最小二乘法并结合格兰杰因果检验,发现FDI累计投资额、市场规模及制度因素促进了FDI的流入,而人力资本、市场开放度对FDI的流入无积极影响。并给出相关的政策建议。     

金融发展、FDI与中国制造业出口绩效——基于新新贸易理论的实证分析

本文以新近发展的新新贸易理论为基础,将中国80余万条制造业出口数据归类到我国国民经济分类制造业,分别使用Probit模型和Heckman选择模型检验了金融发展和FDI对中国制造业出口二元边际的影响。研究表明,在控制其他影响因素的前提下,融资约束是影响企业出口决策的重要因素,而金融发展有助于企业缓解融资约束,使其能够在最优状态下生产,不仅有利其进入出口市场,还扩大了其出口份额,从而对贸易的扩展边际和集约边际都有积极的影响。此外,FDI缓解了我国出口企业面临的信贷约束,促进融资依赖性行业出口的二元边际,一定程度上发挥了与金融发展同样的作用,进一步的估计表明,FDI是通过替代银行信贷而发挥作用的。     

人民币实际有效汇率对地区经济增长差异的影响研究

本文基于凯恩斯宏观经济模型,对人民币实际有效汇率波动对我国各地区经济增长产生的影响进行了实证分析。结果表明:人民币实际有效汇率上升通过影响进出口、外商直接投资和原始货币供应量三个途径,对我国各地区经济增长普遍存在着抑制效应;但对不同地区的影响程度有所差异,其中东部地区最大,西部地区最小;这表明人民币实际有效汇率上升对于缩小近年来不断拉大的地区经济增长差距具有积极作用。虽然缩小地区经济发展差距是现阶段我国构建和谐社会的重要内容,但人民币汇率政策依然应该将实现内外均衡作为自己的核心目标,以避免目标多样化而弱化政策效应。     

Foreign Capital,Spillovers and Export Performance in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Indian IT Firms

The role of foreign capital inflow, foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign portfolio investment (FPI), on export behavior of both recipients and non‐recipient competing firms in the same sector often guides economic development policy. By using panel data of Indian IT firms over 2000–2006, we show that FDI reduces the sunk costs of entering foreign markets and therefore positively effects both the decision to export and the export propensity of recipient firms. Foreign portfolio investment has no effect on the decision to export, but it does marginally increase the volume of exports. Further, these positive FDI and FPI recipient effects do not spill‐over to non‐recipients.     

Asymmetric Demand Information and Foreign Direct Investment*

We examine the FDI versus exports decision of firms competing in an oligopolistic (quantity‐setting) market under demand uncertainty and asymmetric information. Compared to a firm that chooses to export, a firm that chooses to set up a plant in the host market has superior information about local market demand. In addition to the well‐known tension between the fixed set‐up costs of investment, the additional variable costs of exports and oligopoly sizes, the incentive to invest abroad is explained by the strategic learning effect. FDI may be observed even if trade costs are zero. The analysis is robust to price competition and to the possibility that a foreign firm can engage in both FDI and exports.     

中间品进口关税减让对出口高质量发展的影响：来自中国工业行业的证据

本文在当前中国推动经济高质量发展和积极主动扩大进口双重战略目标叠加的背景下,从行业层面入手研究中间品进口关税减让对出口高质量发展的影响.首先测度2001—2017年中国31个工业行业的中间品进口关税率和出口质量水平,然后据此构造面板数据进行实证分析,发现中间品进口关税减让能显著地促进出口质量升级,这一结论经空间相关和内生性检验后依旧稳健;但分样本回归结果显示该效应在低进口密集度行业中不明显,出口质量升级的外部动力是外资.中国应当依托海南自贸港建设加快推进中间品进口贸易自由化,重视进口中断风险,全力扶持企业自主研发创新,吸引高质量外资,最终助力出口实现高质量发展.     

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Poland's Trade with the European Union

Over 75% of FDI in Poland originates from the EU. The EU also predominates in the exports and imports of FDI companies. The objective of this article is to examine whether FDI is likely to replace trade or to create new trade flows. In particular, the article shows the influence of FDI on Poland's trade with the EU. The FDI impact on Polish trade can be seen as its contribution to export creation. Moreover, externalities caused by trade and FDI inflow are influencing Polish specialisation patterns, which is important in the process of integrating the economy into the world market.     

An empirical study on FDI international knowledge spillovers and regional economic development in China

This article has constructed a framework to analyze the relationship between national innovation investments, international knowledge spillover due to FDI and regional technological progress. We use the panel data sample in 1992–2006 from China’s 29 provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions) to test the impact of China’s regional R&;D investments, international knowledge spillovers of FDI on its regional technological progress. It reveals that the local investments in science and technology are the most important factors to promote technological progress; for the structure and quality of China’s current FDI, the knowledge spillover effects from FDI, especially through the FDI enterprises’ manufacturing activities, are not obvious; the local gains in its technology development from FDI depends on its economic and technological level. Based on the above conclusions we give the corresponding policy recommendations for China’s FDI policy and regional economic development.