废旧手机回收管理国际经验及对我国的启示

随着经济发展和技术进步,手机普及率日益提高,更新换代速度也越来越快,手机销售量和废旧手机产生量都急剧增加。首先梳理了我国涉及废旧手机管理的相关政策法规,并分析了废旧手机回收处理的现状和存在的问题。然后,借鉴欧盟、美国、日本、韩国等发达国家和地区,及国际组织在废旧手机管理和回收处理方面的经验,从法律政策、生产者责任延伸制度、回收处理体系和环保意识等方面提出了相应的改进建议,以便为废旧手机等小型电子废弃物的管理提供理论依据。     

“互联网+回收”背景下上海市废旧手机资源化政策探讨——兼论电子废弃物资源化企业信用评级

上海市常住人口多,废旧手机数量巨大。手机入围《废弃电器电子产品处理目录(2014版)》,因而废旧手机资源化备受关注。2015年《循环经济推进计划》中提出我国将探索"互联网+回收"的模式及路径。"互联网+回收"的落实需要政府和金融手段的支持,信用评级能够降低信息不对称,对上海市电子废弃物资源化企业和电器电子产品生产企业进行信用评级,将信用评级报告提供给政府、市场、银行等金融机构,不但为政府的资源配置、金融机构的信贷决策等提供依据,而且在回收企业监管、绿色设计减征基金、扩大基金来源、落实国务院政策等方面具有重要作用,是对上海市废旧手机资源化政策的有益探索。     

中国废旧手机回收现状及回收模式研究

随着经济、技术的快速发展和市场竞争的日益激烈,手机更新换代速度日益加快,导致了大量的废旧手机,已成为城市污染的一种重要来源。废旧手机回收不仅可实现部分资源的再利用,同时能有效地降低环境污染。文章首先回顾了中国目前废旧手机的回收现状和回收模式,分析了造成我国手机回收效率低下的主要因素;然后,介绍了西方发达国家废旧手机回收的成功经验,在对比分析国内外手机回收现状的基础上,给出了提高手机回收效率的相关建议。     

我国电子产品逆向物流系统构建的设想——以废旧手机为例

我国每年淘汰的电子产品很多,给环境带来很大压力.如何有效地回收废旧电子产品,成为人们关注的焦点.随着我国移动通信快速发展,手机成为最为常见的电子产品之一.文章试图创建一个良好的废旧手机逆向物流系统,回收大量稀有再生金属,减少废旧手机对环境造成的污染,为其他电子产品的回收和处置摸索一条可行的途径.     

废旧家电回收再利用体系构建中的博弈均衡分析

近些年来,家电产品的更新换代越来越快,淘汰下来的家电废弃物数量惊人,对这些家电废弃物如何处理,已经成为全世界关注的焦点。随着我国废旧家电高峰期的到来,构建废旧家电回收再利用体系,对于提高我国家电产业的国际竞争力,促进经济增长方式的转变,具有非常重要的意义。本文通过利益相关方博弈均衡分析,提出了废旧家电回收再利用体系构建过程中的政府政策设计要点。具体包括：建立资源回收再利用信息支持服务系统,弥补市场缺陷;加强环保立法,合理确定垃圾收费水平;资助废旧物料再生技术的研究项目,建立环境无害化技术支撑体系;以资源高效利用为核心。鼓励再生企业和生产企业使用再生物料．建立配套政策支持体系。     

我国电子废弃物回收体系的构建研究

电子废弃物兼具危害性和资源性,鉴于我国电子废弃物总量巨大,因此构建回收体系具有迫切性。本文通过对我国现有电子废弃物回收体系的分析研究,对未来我国电子废弃物回收体系的构建方向提供了一些建议。     

电子废弃物回收处理系统环境绩效评估方法及应用

基于生命周期工具,从物质代谢效率和生态环境效益两方面建立了电子废弃物回收处理系统的环境绩效评估指标与方法,并以废弃手机为研究对象,分析现阶段我国回收处理系统的环境绩效水平及其改进潜力。结果显示,废弃手机回收处理系统在物质代谢效率指标方面表现出较好的绩效水平,但在生态环境效益方面尚存进一步优化的空间。通过情景设置开展优化分析结果表明:生产者主导回收情景在各项环境绩效指标上均略有改进;区域产业链配套情景下运输距离的减少仅对人体健康改善指标起到优化效果;鼓励部件再使用情景和先进资源化技术情景可显著提升废弃手机回收处理系统的环境绩效,前者优化效果主要表现在生态环境效益指标上,后者优化效果更均衡。     

政府补贴下的电子废弃物回收处理模型分析

通过Stackelberg博弈理论构建政府补贴下的四种电子废弃物回收处理模型,包括制造商回收处理(MM)模型、零售商回收—制造商处理(DM)模型、回收处理一体商回收处理(U)模型和第三方回收商回收—制造商处理(RM)模型,并对模型中各主体的相关决策和利润函数进行比较分析。从理论和数值研究结果可知:四种模型中的最优批发价格和零售价格相等且与政府补贴无关,但回收价格、回收率、各主体利润和系统总利润会随着政府补贴的增加而增加;相对于其他三种模型,MM模型下的回收价格、回收率、制造商利润和系统总利润是最优的,但在零售商利润方面不及DM模型。建议从补贴方式、回收处理主体和政策制度等方面来优化电子废弃物回收处理系统。     

网络口碑影响消费者参与“互联网+”废旧手机回收意愿研究

为探讨网络口碑对消费者参与"互联网+"废旧手机回收意愿的影响因素,为"互联网+"废旧手机回收行业相关平台主体进行口碑营销提供决策借鉴。文章基于信息传播理论与技术接受模型,构建网络口碑对消费者参与"互联网+"废旧手机回收意愿影响因素的理论模型,并对收集到的调查数据进行实证分析。结果显示:发布者专业性、口碑信息质量、口碑信息数量、回收平台服务质量及传播渠道的种类等特性正向影响消费者参与"互联网+"废旧手机回收意愿,而感知信任在不同的网络口碑特性与回收意愿之间有不同的中介作用。     

电子废弃物的法律定义探索——欧盟立法的启示

目前,国内学者对电子废弃物下的定义,可以归纳为狭义和广义两种.狭义的理解认为,电子废弃物是在消费过程中产生的废旧电子电气产品,具体而言,又可分为以下三种情况:电子废弃物是在使用中被淘汰的家电和其他电子仪器仪表,如"电子废弃物又称电子垃圾,包括各种日常生活中使用的废旧电脑、通信设备、电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机等家用电器,以及在生产、办公过程中淘汰的电子仪器仪表等";先界定电子电气产品,尔后指出"电子电气产品在达到使用寿命后就报废成为电子废弃物";电子废弃物是"电子类产品丧失使用功能后的固体遗弃物".     

Functionality development dynamism in a diffusion trajectory: A case of Japan's mobile phones development

While it is generally accepted that Information Technology (IT) has a self-propagating function which ensures that the more widespread its use, the greater its functionality, its emerging dynamism remains a black box.This paper attempts to shed some light on this dynamism through utilizing monthly trend data for the number of Japan's mobile phone subscribers over the last 12 years. A bi-logistic growth model demonstrating the diffusion trajectory initiated by both generations of mobile phones was constructed, with the goal of identifying the increase in the functionality development in the transition from traditional mobile phones with a simple communication function (1st wave mobile phone) to mobile phones with an Internet protocol function (2nd wave mobile phone).Through an empirical analysis utilizing the bi-logistic growth model, it was determined that the 2nd wave mobile phone emerged at an earlier stage of diffusion trajectory than the 1st stage mobile phone, which enabled a sustainable functionality development in Japan's mobile phones over the decade.Factors governing a dramatic decrease in mobile phones prices were analyzed, utilizing the result of the measurement of functionality development. This led to the discovery that while an increase in functionality development enhanced the price of mobile phones, this increase accelerated self-propagating diffusion, thereby enabling a dramatic reduction in prices through the effects of learning exercise and economies of scale.Based on the foregoing findings, the driving forces of self-propagating functionality development were analyzed, and it was determined that effective utilization of potential resources in innovation (e.g., assimilation of spillover technology and learning effects) is the key driving forces behind self-propagating functionality development.     

从USPTO专利数据看中国手机产业技术优势

采用专利计量分析方法,选取美、日、韩3个手机产业强国为标杆,对中国手机产业技术优势进行了国际比较研究。从USPTO专利库中获取手机产业相关专利数据,对中、美、日、韩4国在手机技术领域的RTA、FGSI和CV值进行测定,并绘制相应的FGSI-RAT技术象限图进行分析。结果表明：与国际手机产业标杆国相比,中国手机产业在光学、半导体器件等技术领域存在技术优势,日、韩为中国手机产业发展中的主要参考学习与竞争对象,而美国表现出的疲态可为中国手机产业未来发展与转型提供借鉴。     

全球化背景下中国手机制造产业的空间格局及其影响因素

文章揭示了手机产业空间格局的演变过程,并分析影响手机产业空间格局形成和演变的因素。在手机产业的发展过程中,逐步形成了北京、天津和深圳三个全国最大的手机产业集聚区。外商直接投资、国家的产业政策以及产业网络的形成是影响中国手机产业空间格局的关键因素。外商直接投资企业进入中国的区位选择奠定了中国手机产业空间格局的基础,而国家的手机产业政策也影响了手机产业的分布,甚至在一定程度上强化了过去的产业空间格局。随着产业管制的解除和市场竞争的加剧,产业集聚区进一步壮大,而本地生产网络成为其发展的关键力量。     

Market competition and the distributional consequences of mobile phones in Canada

The aim of this paper is to better understand how competition based telecommunication policies function as a mediating variable in the distribution of socio-economic consequences of mobile phones using the case of Canada. Many observers characterize the Canadian market as being uncompetitive, and argue that this lack of competition has affected Canadians in terms of access. Thus, even though almost all Canadians have access to land-line services, mobile phone penetration is still relatively low. This could be relevant as mobile services are more likely to include data and other advanced applications. As it is, access is influenced by age, income, and education. Gender is also relevant particularly with the use of more advanced devices and services. The urban and rural divide is of concern particularly where remote communities can benefit from having mobile phones. In addition, the lack of effective competition can negatively affect the competitiveness of domestic businesses relative to foreign competitors. One of the implications of the Canadian policy towards mobile phones is that while its approach was to limit regulation (regulatory forbearance) in order to develop competitive markets, those markets did not necessarily emerge. Regulatory forbearance thus contributed to a particular pattern of distributional consequences. This article argues that competition needs to be aligned with the overall goals of telecommunications policy. To do this, a country needs to define not what degree of competition is required but rather under what circumstances government intervention is needed. It might be satisfactory to have only few players in one national context but not in another. Defining the scope of intervention is perhaps most related to the tasks of identifying benefits and costs of access and how these are distributed.     

Mobile phone termination charges with asymmetric regulation

We model competition between two unregulated mobile phone companies with price-elastic demand and less than full market coverage. We also assume that there is a regulated full-coverage fixed network. In order to induce stronger competition, mobile companies could have an incentive to raise their reciprocal mobile-to-mobile access charges above the marginal costs of termination. Stronger competition leads to an increase of the mobiles’ market shares, with the advantage that (genuine) network effects are strengthened. Therefore, ‘collusion’ may well be in line with social welfare.      

The future of the mobile phone business

One of the fastest growing technologies of our times is that of mobile phones. In this article we use the assumption that the diffusion of mobile technology, as measured by the number of active mobile accounts, follows the well known S-curve of natural growth in competition systems. The accuracy of the logistic fit is tested against actual data for the whole world, Europe, China and the GSM system. Using the produced models predictions concerning the future of mobile business are deliberated.According to these models active mobile accounts around the globe are expected to grow from 1.7 billion in 2004 to approximately 2 billion in 2008, reaching a peak penetration of 29.2%. Growth barriers, apart from the age of the potential user, are also low income and extreme poverty. Europe, early adopter of mobile technology and leader in active mobile accounts against all other regions in the world, has apparently reached a peak with almost every European, apart from the very young or very old, using a mobile phone. The mobile market in China is anticipated to exceed 500 million active accounts and may increase even further depending on the economic and social reform that is currently under way in that part of the world. GSM will most likely remain the leading mobile technology in the future as it is today.The growth process for the world, Europe, and the GSM system is almost completed and during this stage instabilities may occur before the potential emergence of a new wave of growth.     

The future of mobile shopping: The interaction between lead users and technological trajectories in the Japanese market

This paper uses the concepts of lead users and technological trajectories and the current status of mobile shopping in Japan to forecast the future of mobile shopping. In interviews with more than 100 Japanese and foreign firms between 2000 and 2005, the author investigated the impact of a number of technological trajectories on mobile shopping applications that are suggested to be promising ones based on the behavior of lead users. Push-based Internet mail and other key services that are not yet available in Western markets were the initial drivers of the market for mobile shopping in Japan between 2001 and 2003. Currently, the fastest growing market for mobile shopping in Japan involves the integration of mobile sites with other media such as magazines and radio and television programs where these other media compensate for the small screens of mobile phones. This paper forecasts the impact of improvements along a number of technological trajectories on the integration of mobile sites with other media.     

模块化创新网络主导企业技术领导力及其结构演化研究

模块化创新网络中主导企业的地位和领导作用一直备受学者们关注。在文献回顾和理论分析的基础上，界定了模块化创新网络主导企业技术领导力，从企业、平台、行业3个层面剖析了其结构，构建了基于研发能力、技术与产品架构能力和技术标准制定能力的三螺旋结构模型，揭示了技术领导力结构三螺旋演化机理和规律，并以华为公司手机模块化创新网络为样本进行案例分析，检验了理论推导。研究发现，主导企业技术领导力随着模块化创新网络演化呈递增态势；在模块化创新网络演化的不同阶段，技术领导力结构中起主导作用的能力有所不同。这对于模块化创新网络主导企业促进3种能力协调发展、提升技术领导力具有重要启示。     

The co-evolution of technology and methods of standard setting: the case of the mobile phone industry

This paper applies the concept of co-evolution to technology, institutions, and industry structure in the mobile phone industry with a focus on technology and the institution/method of standard setting. The paper shows how changes in technology have caused the method of standard setting to come full circle. New switching technologies, in particular electronic switching, enabled a change from integral to modular problem solving and thus a change from quasi-vertical integration to open standard setting in the wireline telecommunications industry in the late 1970s and later in the mobile phone industry. Growth in those mobile phone markets that initially implemented an open standard setting process encouraged other countries to adopt similar types of standard setting where government agencies and firms were the mechanisms for this transmission of open standard setting methods. However, the latest technological change, the mobile Internet, requires integral problem solving and this has caused quasi-vertical integration to return in the form of service providers determining the mobile Internet standards and the specifications for the phones that support their mobile Internet services. A new set of firms is transmitting these methods of standard setting to the rest of the world.