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1.
Synopsis This paper is the product of a collaboration between a biologist (Ghiselin 1997) who works on the philosophy of classification
and an economist (Landa 1981, 1994) who works on the ‘Economics of Identity’: how and why people classify people based on
identity in the context of a theory of ethnic trading networks. In developing the ‘bioeconomics’ (the synthesis of economics
with biology) of classification, we crossed a number of disciplinary boundaries—anthropology, economics, sociology, biology,
and cognitive psychology including evolutionary psychology’s ‘fast and frugal’ heuristics. Using a bioeconomics approach,
we argue that folk classifications—the classifications used by ordinary persons—have much in common with scientific classifications:
underlying both is the need for economy of information processing in the brain, for the efficient organization of knowledge,
and for efficiency of information acquisition and transmission of information to others. Both evolve as a result of trial
and error, but in science there is relatively more foresight, understanding, and planning. 相似文献
2.
Milan Zafirovski 《Forum for Social Economics》2001,31(1):27-58
This paper makes a proposal for reintroducing sociological or social economics into contemporary economic science. Such a
reintroduction is proposed to be substantive, by analyzing the social structuring of the economy, and formal, by including
sociological/social economics in the current (JEL) classification system of economic disciplines (code A.15). Both epistemological
and ontological arguments can be presented to support the proposal. Epistemological arguments invoke the presence of essential
components of sociological economics in the development of economic thought, and ontological arguments stress the role of
social factors in economic life. In this paper I present primarily epistemological (theoretical-methodological) arguments
for sociological economics, and secondarily ontological ones. I show that the present designation, sociology of economics,
is something different from sociological or social economics in that the former refers to economic epistemology (knowledge)
and the latter to economic ontology (reality). I conclude that, in addition to a sociology of economic science, we need a
sociology of economic life.
There is nothing surprising in the habit of economists to invade the sociological field. A major part of their work—practically
the whole of what they have to say on institutions and on the…[social] forces which shape economic behavior—inevitably overlaps the sociologist’s preserves. In consequence, a no man’s land or
everyman’s land has developed that might conveniently be called economic sociology … [or sociological economics] (Schumpeter 1956:134).
The author is grateful to two anonymous referees for their constructive comments on an earlier version of this article. 相似文献
3.
Jason Potts 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2007,20(2-3):123-135
This paper offers an extension of the distinction of [Kohn, Cato Journal, 24:303–339 (2004)] between the two paradigms of modern economic theory—value and exchange—as derived from the generic–operant framework
of [Dopfer and Potts, The general theory of economic evolution, Routledge, London, (2007)]. I argue that Austrian and evolutionary economics can be analytically unified about a general framework of rule coordination
and change that I shall call the generic value paradigm. This is an analytic generalization of Kohn’s “exchange paradigm” that will allow us to redefine his conception of the “value
paradigm” as the operational value paradigm in terms of the economics of known and fully exploited opportunities. The generic value paradigm, in turn, underpins the
economics of the growth of knowledge and the evolution of the economic order as an open-system process due to the origination,
adoption, and retention of novel generic rules. Austrian economics is then circumscribed as a special case of the more general
“generic” analysis of the coordination and evolution of economic rules.
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4.
David George 《Forum for Social Economics》2011,40(2):265-272
In the first part of this paper, I described the events that led me from psychology into economics, and how the Association
for Social Economics provided the ideal setting for someone attracted to economics but who disagreed with the normative conclusions
of the mainstream. In the second part, I suggest three areas that will be of increasing importance in the near future—addictive
behaviors, rising inequality, and global warming—each of which social economists are particularly well-suited to tackle. 相似文献
5.
John A. List 《Experimental Economics》2008,11(3):203-212
This special issue highlights an empirical approach that has increasingly grown in prominence in the last decade—field experiments.
While field experiments can be used quite generally in economics—to test theories’ predictions, to measure key parameters,
and to provide insights into the generalizability of empirical results—this special issue focuses on using field experiments
to explore questions within the economics of charity. The issue contains six distinct field experimental studies that investigate
various aspects associated with the economics of charitable giving. The issue also includes a fitting tribute to one of the
earliest experimenters to depart from traditional lab methods, Peter Bohm, who curiously has not received deep credit or broad
acclaim. Hopefully this issue will begin to rectify this oversight.
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6.
James F. Henderson 《Forum for Social Economics》1998,28(1):23-34
The Ricardian economists’ famous model of economic growth employed the Malthusian population doctrine, the law of diminishing
returns, and the classical or iron law of wages. This analysis was based on utilitarian moral philosophy. The gloomy Stationary
State conclusions of the Ricardian growth model — maldistribution of income and widespread poverty — were challenged by both
economists and moral philosophers. A particularly important challenge was that offered by William Whewell (1794–1866), Professor
of Moral Philosophy and the dominant figure at the University of Cambridge. Whewell is remembered today for his early contributions
to mathematical economics. This article begins with a review of the Ricardian growth model. Next, Whewell’s system of moral
philosophy is examined and the scientific and religious basis of Whewell’s antagonism to Ricardian economics is considered.
After considering Whewell’s treatment of agricultural progress, economic classes, and rent doctrine, his own model of economic
growth is analyzed. Finally, Whewell’s appraisal of the duty of government to those harmed by development is explored. 相似文献
7.
Alain Marciano 《Constitutional Political Economy》2009,20(1):42-56
This article discusses the methodological foundations of Buchanan’s constitutional political economy. We argue that Buchanan
is a constitutional economist because he is an economist or a political economist. In other words, Buchanan is a constitutional economist—he insists on the necessity
of focusing on constitutions and to analyze the “rules of the social game”—because he defines economics as a science of exchange.
Buchanan’s definition of economics is not only specific, it is also opposed to the definition of economics that other economists
retain and, above all, opposed to the definition of economics that many public choice theorists use. The latter have, in effect,
adopted the Robbins 1932 definition of economics as a science of choice that Buchanan criticizes and rejects. Buchanan’s constitutional
economics can be a branch of public choice only under certain conditions.
相似文献
Alain MarcianoEmail: |
8.
This study measures the extent to which P2P file-sharing activities act as substitutes or complements to music purchases in
markets for CDs. The paper breaks with the mainstream economics approach which dominates the music file-sharing discussion.
Whereas such models assume relationships at the micro level (e.g. between file-sharing and purchases) based on observations made at the macro level,
our evolutionary economics approach measures the direct effects using micro data representative of the Canadian population. The behavioral incentives underpinning free music downloading,
novel to this paper, are the multiple effects of: ‘unwillingness to pay’ (market substitution), ‘hear before buying’ (market
creation), ‘not wanting to buy a whole album’ (market segmentation), and ‘not available in the CD format or on electronic
pay-sites’ (market creation). Although the two first mentioned incentives significantly influence CD album purchases—i.e.
there is a negative and significant market substitution effect and a positive and significant market creation effect—on the
whole, these two effects ‘cancel’ one another out, leading to no association between the number of P2P files downloaded and
CD album sales. 相似文献
9.
Wilfred Dolfsma 《Forum for Social Economics》2005,35(1):59-67
In recent years, economics has paid increasing attention to the phenomenon of consumption. Insights from outside of the mainstream
and from outside of economics proper have found inroads as well. Largely neglected in previous decades, consumption theory
in economics was the exclusive domain for technical discussions only for a long time, as the articles selected by the late
Kevin Lancaster show. Consumption of many goods is, however, highly symbolic—consumption behavior is in large part about institutionalized
communication where instrumental considerations do not necessarily play an important role. Some of the most promising ideas
that can be developed further in economics to better understand consumption behavior are presented. 相似文献
10.
For the past two summers, the Division of Education and the Division of Business and Economics at Indiana University at Kokomo
have collaborated to produce an intense teamtaught summer economics course for pre-service education majors and in-service
classroom teachers. The dual emphasis on content and application allows economics to integrate every aspect of the classroom
and allows Praxis achievement. This paper explores the essential nature of Praxis in making the content or practice link—so
critical for successful implementation of economics in K-12 classrooms. To determine their attitudes toward and knowledge
of economics education, a pretest and post-test format was adopted. In addition, the institutional enhancers and inhibitors
that dramatically affected the development and implementation of the new course of study are presented.
This paper was presented at the Forty-Fourth International Atlantic Economic Society Conference in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
October 9–12, 1997. Discussants' comments are incorporated. 相似文献
11.
Vladislav Valentinov 《Constitutional Political Economy》2008,19(1):19-33
This paper reconsiders the exchange paradigm of constitutional economics from the perspective of the theory of the division
of labor. According to this theory, human wants can be satisfied by two basic mechanisms—exchange and self-sufficiency. The
exchange paradigm of constitutional economics emphasizes the former mechanism while neglecting the latter. Building on major
economic theories of the third sector, it is argued that the latter mechanism is more helpful than the former in explaining
the existence of third sector organizations. The paper concludes by discussing implications of this argument for the further
development of constitutional economics.
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12.
Behavioral economics (BE) examines the implications for decision-making when actors suffer from biases documented in the psychological
literature. This article considers how such biases affect regulatory decisions. The article posits a simple model of a regulator
who serves as an agent to a political overseer. The regulator chooses a policy that accounts for the rewards she receives
from the political overseer—whose optimal policy is assumed to maximize short-run outputs that garner political support, rather
than long-term welfare outcomes—and the weight the regulator puts on the optimal long run policy. Flawed heuristics and myopia
are likely to lead regulators to adopt policies closer to the preferences of political overseers than they would otherwise.
The incentive structure for regulators is likely to reward those who adopt politically expedient policies, either intentionally
(due to a desire to please the political overseer) or accidentally (due to bounded rationality). The article urges that careful
thought be given to calls for greater state intervention, especially when those calls seek to correct firm biases. The article
proposes measures that focus rewards to regulators on outcomes rather than outputs as a way to help ameliorate regulatory
biases. 相似文献
13.
Kurt Dopfer 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2012,22(1):133-160
The paper starts from Schumpeter’s proposition that entrepreneurs carry out innovations (the micro level), that swarms of
followers imitate them (meso) and that, as a consequence, ‘creative destruction’ leads to economic development ‘from within’
(macro). It is argued that Schumpeter’s approach can be developed into a new—more general—micro-meso-macro framework in economics. Center stage is meso. Its essential characteristic is bimodality, meaning that one idea (the generic rule) can be physically actualized by many
agents (a population). Ideas can relate to others, and, in this way, meso constitutes a structure component of a ‘deep’ invisible macro structure. Equally, the rule actualization process unfolds over time—modelled in the paper as
a meso trajectory with three phases of rule origination, selective adoption and retention—and here meso represents a process component of a visible ‘surface’ structure. The macro measure with a view to the appropriateness of meso components is generic correspondence.
At the level of ideas, its measure is order; at that of actual relative adoption frequencies, it is generic equilibrium. Economic
development occurs at the deep level as transition from one generic rule to another, inducing a change of order, and, at the
surface level, as the new rule is adopted, destroying an old equilibrium and establishing a new one. 相似文献
14.
Trenton G. Smith 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2009,11(3):249-282
The modern phenomenon of obesity is an archetypal example of a behavior whose explanation simultaneously falls within the
purview of psychology, economics, and the biological sciences. While psychologists and advocates of public health have long
viewed overeating as a weakness or disease in need of treatment, economists have pointed out that—like any other consumer
behavior—choices about diet and exercise can be viewed from the perspective of rational decision theory, subject to the influence
of variation in prices and income but not necessarily as a problem in need of a solution. Recent advances in our understanding
of the physiological mechanisms by which genes influence behavior in modern socioeconomic environments have begun to point
the way to a resolution to this debate. Drawing inspiration from the scientific literature on the neuroendocrinology of energy
homeostasis, this paper reviews the empirical determinants of obesity in light of the biologist’s notion that humans and other
animals evolved the ability to store body fat as an optimal response to the presence of starvation risk. This approach yields
a powerful theoretical foundation, capturing such features of obesity as dynamic inconsistency, genetic variation, susceptibility
to pharmaceutical intervention, and variation by season, socioeconomic status, and degree of financial security. It also provides
a framework for reconciling the conflict between behavioral and neoclassical economics. 相似文献
15.
Jose M. Pavía Bernardi Cabrer Luis E. Vila 《International Advances in Economic Research》2006,12(1):91-103
The development of a national or regional economy depends on its own actions as much as on those of its commercial partners.
Trade transmits economic events from one economy to another. The type and the degree of interdependence between territories—regions
or countries—determines the consequences of external actions in a region. Multipliers translate the effects of a change in
one variable on the others. Using an input–output scheme to express interregional commercial flows, some coefficients are
developed to classify and identify the role that each region plays in interregional trade. An empirical application of the
methodology on Spanish Comunidades Autonomas is presented.
A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the Fifty-Eight International Atlantic Economic Conference, Chicago,
October 7–10, 2004. The authors greatly appreciate the comments and suggestions from the participants at the meeting. The
authors also wish to thank an anonymous referee and editor for their constructive suggestions and comments. This research
was partially supported by the DGI project SEJ2004-07924/ECON. 相似文献
16.
Sugden’s critique of Sen’s capability approach and the dangers of libertarian paternalism 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mozaffar Qizilbash 《International Review of Economics》2011,58(1):21-42
The force of Sugden’s critique of Sen’s capability approach depends on the interpretation of the approach adopted. It is persuasive
when public reasoning about what is good (or best) for people can justify policies which promote opportunity through (potentially
objectionable) restrictions on liberty. Sunstein’s discussion of preference formation and politics shares key elements of
Sen’s views. His proposals for democratic controls illustrate the potential danger Sugden signals about application of the
capability approach. Sugden is also critical of paternalist views inspired by the findings of behavioural economics. One of
these—Sunstein and Thaler’s ‘libertarian paternalism’—is a worrying extension of Sunstein’s earlier views and opens the door
to a much wider range of interventions. Sugden rightly and forcefully resists it. His critique of the capability approach
may, by contrast, be better seen as sounding a cautionary note than as an act of resistance. 相似文献
17.
Anthony F. Herbst 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2007,9(1):1-18
Popular culture and folklore have long recognized the influence of the lunar cycle on plant, animal, and human behavior. Many
of the effects have been validated in the physical and biological sciences. However, until recently such effects have been
largely, if not completely ignored in the academic literature of financial economics. This study aims to contribute to answering
whether there is, as some claim, a lunar influence on stock prices or volatility. The findings of this work support the Efficient
Markets Hypothesis—no consistent, predictable lunar influence is found on either daily returns or daily price volatility in
the Dow Jones Industrial Average, for either new or full moons. Some effects are found, but not consistent or predictable
with lunar and calendar information alone.
相似文献
18.
Hugo Benítez-Silva Debra S. Dwyer Wayne-Roy Gayle Thomas J. Muench 《Empirical Economics》2008,34(2):381-416
An increasing number of longitudinal data sets collect expectations information regarding a variety of future individual level
events and decisions, providing researchers with the opportunity to explore expectations over micro variables in detail. We
present a theoretical framework and an econometric methodology to use that type of information to test the Rational Expectations
(RE) hypothesis in models of individual behavior. This RE assumption at the micro level underlies a majority of the research
in applied fields in economics, and it is the common foundation of most work in dynamic models of individual behavior. We
present tests of three different types of expectations using two different panel data sets that represent two very different
populations. In all three cases we cannot reject the RE hypothesis. Our results support a wide variety of models in economics,
and other disciplines, that assume rational behavior.
We would like to acknowledge outstanding research assistance from Huan Ni. The Michigan Retirement Research Center (MRRC)
and the TIAA-CREF Institute made this research possible through their financial support of two related projects. Benítez-Silva
also acknowledges the financial support from NIH grant AG1298502 on a related project, and also from the Fundación BBVA, and
the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology through project number SEJ2005-08783-C04-01, and wants to thank the Department
of Economics at the University of Maryland and the Department of Economics at Universitat Pompeu Fabra for their hospitality
during the completion of this paper. Three anonymous referees provided excellent comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors
are the authors’. 相似文献
19.
Timothy J. Brennan 《Journal of Regulatory Economics》2010,38(1):49-69
Distributing electricity to users has been covered through the charge per kilowatt-hour for electricity used. Conservation
advocates have promoted policies that “decouple” distribution revenues or profits from the amount of electricity delivered,
claiming that usage-based pricing leads utilities to encourage use and discourage conservation. Because decoupling separates
profits from conduct, it runs against the dominant finding in regulatory economics in the last 20 years—that incentive-based
regulation outperforms rate-of-return profit guarantees. Even if distribution costs are independent of use, some usage charges
can be efficient. Price-cap regulation may distort incentives to inform consumers about energy efficiency—getting more performance
from less electricity. Utilities will subsidize efficiency investments, but only when prices are too low. If consumers fail
to adopt energy efficiency measures that would be individually beneficial, decoupling can increase welfare, but only if all
energy revenues are separated from use, not just those associated with distribution. 相似文献
20.
Daniel B. Klein 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(4):403-410
Alan Kahan’s Mind vs. Money: The War between Intellectuals and Capitalism (Transaction Publishers, 2010) treats intellectuals as a class and tells of intellectuals’ yearning to play the role of cleric
and aristocrat. Kahan says that intellectuals are necessarily alienated from “capitalism.” In this essay, I discuss Kahan’s
erudite and insightful—though sometimes exasperating—work, and I take the opportunity to develop some ideas on the topic,
ideas in line with Hayek’s thought. 相似文献